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crossref-_sciencelineVolume 15 (4); December 2025

680-HGF_IGF-I_FGF-2_and_TGF-Research Paper

Immunohistochemical distribution of HGF, IGF-I, FGF-2, and TGF-α in kidney and liver tissues of geese (Anser anser) during hatching and post-hatching periods

Ermutlu DG and Aslan Ş.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 831-844, 2025; pii:S232245682500085-15

DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj85 

ABSTRACT: Immunohistochemical studies during embryonic development of poultry are quite limited. The present study aimed to investigate the distribution of Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) in the kidney and liver tissues of hatching and post-hatching geese via histologic and immunohistochemical methods. A total of 150 fertile goose eggs were used in the study. Throughout the incubation process (29 days), four eggs were used each day, starting from the sixth day, and the embryos were examined. The embryos were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Geese at the 7, 15, 30, and 210 (adult) days after hatching were euthanized for a post-hatching evaluation. Routine histological procedures were performed on the kidney and liver tissues. For histological examinations were used Crossmonn’s triple staining, Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. HGF, IGF-I, FGF-2, and TGF-α immunoreactivities were investigated in the histological slides. An examination of kidney tissue development indicated that metanephric blastema formation started on day 10. The mesonephros was replaced by the metanephros, the permanent kidney, starting on the day 25. An examination of liver tissue development revealed that sinusoids began to narrow, hepatic plaques formed, and endothelial and Kupffer cells became distinguished as early as day 8. Upon general evaluation, FGF-2 was found to be the growth factor with the most intense immunoreactivity in the liver and kidney, while IGF-I had the least immunoreactivity. There is a paucity of studies on growth factors during the embryonic period in poultry. In the present study, all four growth factors were immunohistochemically investigated in the kidney and liver during the hatching and post-hatching periods. Because poultry have a shorter embryonic period than mammals, they need to utilize growth factors effectively and at high levels. The present study demonstrated that HGF, IGF-I, FGF-2, and TGF-α growth factors were effective in kidney and liver development during the incubation period in geese.
Keywords: Embryo, Goose, Growth factors, Kidney, Liver

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673-Choline-Rich_Fermented_Crescentia_cujeteResearch Paper

Effects of Choline-Rich Fermented Crescentia cujete on Blood Parameters, Superoxide Dismutase, and Cerebral Interleukin-6 in Rats after Induced Ischemic Stroke

Fiohana P, Prakoso YA, Widyarini S, Hidayah JH, Wahyuningtyas PA, and Susilo A.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 845-853, 2025; pii:S232245682500086-15

DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj86 

ABSTRACT: Ischaemic stroke is a major vascular disorder that profoundly impacts human health. Choline-rich fermented Crescentia cujete (Ch-RFCC) has emerged as a promising adjunctive therapy for ischemic stroke; however, its effects on hematological parameters, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels remain unexplored. The present study aimed to assess the impacts of Ch-RFCC on hematological parameters, SOD activity, and brain IL-6 levels in the rats' ischemic stroke model (ISM). A total of 40 three-month-old male rats, weighing 247.31 ± 4.95 g, were randomly assigned into four groups, including healthy rats with a skin incision as the control group (sham-operated, T1), ISM without treatment (T2), ISM treated with 496 mg/kg body weight of piracetam (T3), and ISM treated with 11.84 mg/kg body weight of Ch-RFCC (T4). Treatments using piracetam (T3) and Ch-RFCC (T4) were administered orally via gavage twice daily for 14 consecutive days. The current results demonstrated that Group T4 maintained haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, normalised the platelet-to-leucocyte ratio and neutrophil counts, reduced fibrinogen levels, elevated SOD activity, and enhanced IL-6 immunoreactivity compared to the untreated ISM group (T2). Furthermore, rats in Group T4 exhibited the least body weight loss compared to those in groups T2 and T3. These findings indicated that Ch-RFCC may alleviate ischemic stroke in rats by enhancing antioxidant defenses, modulating IL-6 expression, and preserving hematological homeostasis.
Keywords: Choline-rich fermented Crescentia cujete, Hematology, Interleukin-6, Ischemic stroke, Superoxide dismutase

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685-Streptococcus_equiResearch Paper

Molecular Detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus and equi in Guinea Pig with Lymphadenitis by Targeting the comB and seeI Genes

Vargas DLA, Solar JJSCD, Pablo JDM, Enciso ETH, Quintana JLM, and Lapa MRL.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 854-862, 2025; pii:S232245682500087-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj87 

ABSTRACT: Despite the economic and sanitary relevance of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs, little molecular information is available regarding the role of Streptococcus (S.) equi subspecies in cervical lymphadenitis in Peru. The present study aimed to identify the subspecies S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) and S. equi subsp. equi (SEE) in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), with and without cervical lymphadenitis, from the Amazonas and Cajamarca regions of Peru, using PCR amplification of the sodA, comB, and seeI genes. A total of 50 guinea pigs, aged 6-8 months, were evaluated, 30 from Cajamarca (mean weight 1210.1 grams; 22 Peruvian breed, 1 Inti, and 7 Brown) and 20 from Amazonas (mean weight 950 grams; 10 Peruvian breed and 10 Inti), comprising 30 animals with cervical lymphadenitis and 20 clinically healthy animals. The sodA gene was first employed as a preliminary diagnostic marker, which confirmed the presence of S. equi in all animals presenting lymphadenitis. Subsequent amplification of the comB gene confirmed the exclusive presence of SEZ in all clinical cases, with no detection in the 20 clinically healthy guinea pigs analyzed in both study regions. In contrast, the seeI gene, specific to SEE, indicated no amplification in any of the samples, indicating the absence of SEE in the study population. The prevalence of SEZ (positive comB) among guinea pigs with cervical lymphadenitis was 100% in Amazonas (10/10; 95% CI: 69.2-100%) and 100% in Cajamarca (20/20; 95% CI: 83.2-100%), with no significant difference between regions. The present findings established SEZ as the primary etiological agent of cervical lymphadenitis in guinea pigs from both regions, with no molecular evidence of SEE. The present study underscored the utility of comB and seeI as specific and reliable molecular markers for differentiating SEZ and SEE.
Keywords: comB gene, Guinea pig, seeI gene, Streptococcus equi subsp. equi, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

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677-Essential_and_Toxic_Element_ProfilesResearch Paper

Essential and Toxic Element Profiles in Selected Spices from Greater Casablanca, Morocco

Safaa S, Sabri C, Salam MR, El Mellouli F, Lafram A, Khallouki H, Hassane YA, and Kabine M.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 863-881, 2025; pii:S232245682500088-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj88 

ABSTRACT: In Morocco, spices are an integral part of daily cuisine and serve as a vector of both nutritional and toxicological exposure. Monitoring elemental composition is essential to ensure consumer safety, animal health when used as feed additives, and compliance with international standards. The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of essential (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and iron) and toxic (lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and nickel) elements in commonly consumed spices in Morocco, including cinnamon, cumin, ginger, black pepper, and turmeric. A total of 162 spice samples were obtained from markets in the Greater Casablanca, Morocco. Five essential elements, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and iron, and five toxic trace metals, including lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and nickel, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted digestion. Cumin indicated the highest levels of magnesium (6.86 ± 1.61 g/kg), sodium (3.98 ± 1.59 g/kg), calcium (11.13 ± 4.53 g/kg), and iron (753.71 ± 446.07 mg/kg). Turmeric had the highest levels of potassium (25.96 ± 13.51 g/kg). Cinnamon had elevated levels of lead (2.05 mg/kg) and cadmium (0.29 mg/kg), exceeding Moroccan and European regulatory limits. Additionally, cumin indicated the highest levels of arsenic (0.45 ± 0.30 mg/kg) and nickel (4.18 ± 2.85 mg/kg) compared to other spices. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct elemental patterns. The first component (PC1), driven by magnesium and sodium, clearly separated cumin due to its high macronutrient content. The second component (PC2), influenced by cadmium and lead, isolated cinnamon because of its toxic metal burden. The PC1 and PC2 accounted for 64.6% of the total variance. Turmeric and ginger formed a close cluster in the PCA plot, associated with higher levels of potassium, calcium, and nickel. Black pepper was positioned between these groups, reflecting intermediate composition. Pearson correlation analysis supported these findings, with a strong correlation between lead and cadmium, suggesting a shared contamination source. These results emphasized the nutritional and toxicological roles of spices in Moroccan diets. Regular monitoring is essential to protect public health in both animals and humans.
Keywords: Food safety, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Spices, Toxic metal 

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635-Pasteurella_multocidaResearch Paper

Characterization of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Layer Chickens Infected with Fowl Cholera in Sukabumi, Indonesia: Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Gene Detection

Arvia MM, Kurnia RS, Nugroho CMH, Putra MA, Safika, and Indrawati A.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 882-890, 2025; pii:S232245682500089-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj89 

ABSTRACT: Fowl cholera is a contagious bacterial disease in poultry caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), which presents a significant threat to layer chicken farming due to its economic impact and potential antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to characterize P. multocida isolates from a fowl cholera outbreak in Sukabumi by assessing antibiotic resistance profiles and detecting virulence-associated genes. Eight P. multocida bacterial isolates from organ sample were cultured on blood agar and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Sensititre™ GN4F system. Genomic DNA was extracted and analyzed for 16 virulence genes through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results showed that all isolates were generally susceptible to the tested antibiotics, except for isolate P.m1, which was confirmed resistant to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Virulence gene detection revealed that most isolates carried nearly all virulence genes tested, particularly those encoding capsule (capA), iron acquisition proteins (exbB, hgbB, fur), fimbriae and adhesins (fim4, fimA, pfhA, tadD), outer membrane proteins (oma87, plpB), sialidases (nanB, nanH), and superoxide dismutases (sodA, sodC). Notably, no isolates harbored the toxA gene. The presence of extensive virulence factors despite general antibiotic susceptibility underscored the pathogen’s potential to persist and cause disease, and highlighted the need for targeted surveillance and comprehensive control strategies in Indonesia. Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Characterization, Fowl cholera, Pasteurella multocida, Virulence gene 

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538-Rapid_Simultaneous_DetectionResearch Paper

Rapid Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella and Campylobacter Bacteria Directly from Chicken Faeces

Ghafar SNA, Ahmad NI, Aziz SA, and Zakaria Z.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 891-900, 2025; pii:S232245682500090-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj90 

ABSTRACT: Campylobacter and Salmonella are widely recognized as significant causes of foodborne diseases, with poultry and poultry products being the most frequent sources of infection in humans. Rapid, simultaneous detection of both pathogens can prevent contaminated food from entering the human food chain. The present study aimed to simultaneously detect Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. directly from faeces of broiler chickens aged 4 to 5 weeks by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). The suitability of the PCR protocol using pairs of primers targeting the invA and cadF genes was evaluated to detect Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., respectively, from 15 samples. The specificity of the PCR assay was 100% for both pathogens, as no positive cross-reactions were detected with non-targeted bacteria. The limit of detection for pure culture of Salmonella was 1 CFU/mL, whereas for Campylobacter it was 101 CFU/mL. Incubation of spiked faeces in brain heart infusion broth for 24 to 48 hours maintained a detection limit of 1 CFU/mL for Salmonella; however, the sensitivity decreased, resulting in a detection limit of 10² CFU/mL for Campylobacter. Simultaneous detection from 15 chicken faecal samples revealed two samples co-carrying both Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., four samples positive for Salmonella, six samples positive for Campylobacter, and three samples were negative for both pathogens. The developed mPCR protocol in the present study was highly specific and sensitive for detecting Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. directly from chicken faeces, achieving results in under 36 hours compared to the conventional culture method. The mPCR protocol can benefit veterinary and public health authorities during epidemiological investigations and rapid diagnostic purposes, which require timely confirmation of the disease status in chickens during the grow period.
Keywords: Campylobacter, Faeces, Multiplex PCR, Salmonella, Simultaneous detection

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646-small_and_large_luteal_cellsResearch Paper

Quantitative analysis of small and large luteal cells during different stages of corpus luteum development in holstein cattle

Dung BV, Thuy NTT, Anh NTN, and Nam NH.

World Vet. J. 15(2): 901-909, 2025; pii:S232245682500091-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj91

ABSTRACT: The bovine corpus luteum (CL) undergoes dynamic structural and functional changes throughout its lifespan, driven by distinct populations of steroidogenic cells, including small luteal cells (SLCs) and large luteal cells (LLCs). Although these cell types have been morphologically characterized, quantitative evaluations of their numerical abundance and relative distribution across different developmental phases of the CL in cows remain limited. This study sought to quantify the populations of small and large luteal cells across the early, mid, and late stages of corpus luteum development in Holstein cows. Histomorphometric analysis of hematoxylin and eosin–stained ovarian sections was performed to provide insights into their temporal roles in luteal function. Ovarian samples were obtained from 30 Holstein cows (30 pairs), immediately after slaughter, and categorized into early, mid, or late luteal phases according to ovarian morphology and the appearance of corpora lutea. A total of 30 CL samples (10 per stage) were selected for evaluation. Each CL was fixed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned longitudinally (5 µm thick) for histological examination. Small (<20 µm) and large (> 35 µm) luteal cells were quantified in standardized microscopic fields at × 40 magnification using ImageJ software. The results revealed that SLC counts were highest during the early luteal phase (72.53 ± 7.83) and significantly exceeded LLC counts (30.70 ± 3.78). In the mid-luteal phase, SLCs decreased (50.70 ± 2.82) while LLCs increased (44.30 ± 3.11), with no significant difference between them. During the late luteal phase, SLCs increased slightly (59.77 ± 3.84), whereas LLCs declined markedly (24.80 ± 2.52). Overall, SLCs counted were highest during the early luteal phase and declined toward the mid phase, while LLCs increased markedly at the mid luteal phase and decreased again at the late phase.
Keywords: Corpus luteum, Histology, Large luteal cell, Small luteal cell

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514-Glutathione_Supplementation_in_Liquid_Semen_DiluentResearch Paper

Effect of Glutathione Supplementation in Liquid Semen Diluent During Cold Storage on Sperm Membrane Structure in Ongole Crossbred Bull

X Ervandi M and Dangkua T.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 910-920, 2025; pii:S232245682500092-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj92 

ABSTRACT: Damage to bovine spermatozoa membranes results from factors such as oxidative stress, high temperatures, extreme pH levels, and exposure to chemicals or infections. The present study aimed to explore the potential use of glutathione in liquid semen extenders during cold storage to protect the membrane structure of Peranakan Ongole (PO) crossbred bull semen. Semen samples were collected twice weekly from two PO crossbred bulls aged 2-3 years. Semen that met the quality standards was diluted with a red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) extract extender, supplemented with glutathione at various concentrations per 100 mL of the total volume extender. Sperm membrane evaluation included membrane integrity assessed by the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm capacitation, and acrosome reaction assessed by chlortetracycline fluorescence staining. The treatments consisted of red fruit extract extender with 15% egg yolk (P0, control), red fruit extract extender with 15% egg yolk and 0.75 mM glutathione (P1), red fruit extract extender with 15% egg yolk and 1 mM glutathione (P2), and red fruit extract extender with 15% egg yolk plus 1.25 mM glutathione (P3). The present results indicated that Group P1 performed superior than other treatment groups. This was evidenced by higher spermatozoa membrane integrity and a higher proportion of non-capacitated spermatozoa, while the proportions of capacitated spermatozoa and acrosome reaction remained low. The extender formulation containing red fruit extract, 15% egg yolk, and 0.75 mM glutathione-maintained acrosome status above 50% after six days of cold storage. Therefore, the combination of red fruit extract, 15% egg yolk, and 0.75 mM glutathione was identified as the optimal formulation for liquid semen preservation, meeting the necessary conditions for practical use in artificial insemination programs in the field.
Keywords: Acrosome reaction, Glutathione, Membrane integrity, Red fruit extract

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696-Physiochemical_Properties_and_Nutritional_Composition_of_Camel_Milk_in_Garissa_County_KenyaResearch Paper

Physiochemical Properties and Nutritional Composition of Camel Milk in Garissa County, Kenya

Mohamed YD, Waihenya R, Ogila K, and Lihana RW.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 921-928, 2025; pii:S232245682500093-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj93 

ABSTRACT: Camel milk is an important source of food, income, and livelihood for communities in arid and semi-arid regions. It contains essential macronutrients, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds that contribute to human health. Despite Kenya's status as a prominent producer of camel milk, especially in Garissa County, comprehensive data regarding its physicochemical and nutritional composition remain scarce. The present study aimed to determine the physicochemical attributes and nutritional profile of camel milk sourced from Garissa County. Fifteen raw milk samples were collected in May 2024 during the long rainy season from randomly selected, clinically healthy lactating Somali dromedary camels reared under semi-intensive systems on five dairy farms in Garissa County, Kenya, under hygienic conditions (three samples per farm). Physicochemical parameters measured included pH, color, titratable acidity, viscosity, total solids, and moisture. Nutritional components analyzed were fat, protein, lactose, minerals, vitamins, and fatty acids using AOAC methods and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The camel milk samples exhibited a mean pH of 6.63 ± 0.10, 0.14 ± 0.03% titratable acidity, 1.86 ± 0.08 mPa·s viscosity, 12.68 ± 0.66% total solids, and 87.20 ± 2.86% moisture. Proximate composition indicated 4.2 ± 0.2% fat, 2.3 ± 0.1% protein, and 5.1 ± 0.2% lactose. Calcium (5293.16 ± 54.49mg/l) was the most abundant mineral. Among vitamins, vitamin C was the most abundant water-soluble vitamin, while vitamin K was the most dominant fat-soluble vitamin. Fatty acid analysis indicated that (55.4%) of the fatty acids were saturated and (44.6%) were unsaturated. Palmitic acid and oleic acid were the most abundant. The results indicated relatively uniform physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of camel milk produced under semi-intensive systems from selected farms in Garissa County, Kenya. The results of this study provided descriptive insight for future studies with larger sample sizes within this county, as well as comparative study across counties and different seasonal conditions.
Keywords: Camel milk, Fatty acid, Nutritional composition, Physicochemical characteristic

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608-Birth_CharacteristicsResearch Paper

Birth Characteristics of Lambs Resulting from Crossbreeding Dorper and Awassi Rams with Texel Cross Ewes

As A, Pratama MJG., Susilorini TE, Kuswati K, Septian WA, Nugraha CD, Putri RF, Ardiantoro A, and Suyadi S.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 929-939, 2025; pii:S232245682500094-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj94 

ABSTRACT: Crossbreeding is an effective strategy to enhance sheep productivity under tropical conditions. This study evaluated the birth characteristics of lambs resulting from crossbreeding Dorper and Awassi rams with Texel cross ewes in Indonesia’s tropical environment. The experiment was conducted from April to November 2023 at CV Kambing Burja, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. A total of 125 Texel cross ewes aged 1.5 to over 3 years were naturally mated with 71 Dorper and 54 Awassi rams using a controlled colony mating system at a ram-to-ewe ratio of 1:25. The study employed complete enumeration, including all ewes that successfully lambed during the observation period. Sire groups comprising two to three rams per breed were rotated every 45 days to ensure equal mating opportunities and prevent exhaustion. Estrus synchronization followed a two-step hormonal protocol, including the administration of Conceptase (PGF₂α, 2.5 mL/ewe) intramuscularly to induce luteolysis, followed 48 hours later by PG600 (1.5 mL/ewe) containing eCG and hCG to stimulate follicular development and ovulation. Mating behavior was observed daily, with successful copulation indicated by restlessness, vocalization, and receptivity. Measured parameters included birth weight, litter size, and sex ratio. Results showed no significant differences in mean litter size or birth weight between Dorper × Texel cross and Awassi × Texel cross lambs, although Awassi crosses exhibited more uniform birth weights. Birth weight decreased as litter size increased, and sex ratios remained balanced in both groups. These findings suggest that both Dorper and Awassi rams are suitable for enhancing the reproductive performance of Texel cross ewes under tropical management systems, highlighting the importance of integrating hormonal synchronization and controlled breeding for sustainable sheep production in Indonesia. 
Keywords: Awassi sheep, Birth weight, Dorper sheep, Litter size, Sex ratio, Texel cross sheep

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713-Porcine_Reproductive_and_Respiratory_Syndrome_Virus_Among_Domestic_PigsResearch Paper

Serological Evidence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Among Domestic Pigs in Busia County, Kenya

Luvanga J, Bisimwa P, and Ongus J.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 940-951, 2025; pii:S232245682500095-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj95 

ABSTRACT: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant swine pathogen and one of the most damaging viruses affecting the global pig industry. Although clinical signs compatible with PRRS have been observed within Kenyan pig production systems, the virus has not yet been officially reported in the country. The present study sought to estimate the seroprevalence of PRRSV, describe farm characteristics, and identify risk factors associated with PRRSV infection among domestic pigs in Busia County, Kenya. Serum samples were collected from 398 pigs (52 piglets, 109 growers, and 237 adults) originating from 56 pig keeping farms/households and analyzed using a commercial indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Farm characteristics, pig farming practices, pig husbandry, and biosecurity data were recorded via structured questionnaires. Pig-level seroprevalence was 1.3% (5/398), with positives detected in Matayos 0.8% (1/124), Nambale 2.0% (1/51), Teso South 2.8% (2/72), and Bunyala 2.9% (1/35) sub-counties, respectively. The farm-level seroprevalence was 8.9% (5/56). Seropositivity did not differ significantly by location, sex, or age category. Biosecurity uptake was generally low, with the use of dedicated clothing/aprons (14%), wearing of boots (32%), presence of footbaths (12.5%), quarantine of new pigs (11%), and handwashing after pig handling (16%). Not using separate clothing/aprons was the only risk factor significantly associated with farm seropositivity. The present findings provided evidence of PRRSV exposure in Kenyan pigs and reveal important gaps in farm-level biosecurity practices at the human-pig interface, underscoring the epidemiological relevance of these observations for pig industry in the region, although the small number of seropositive farms means that some degree of false positivity or false negativity may not be excluded.
Keywords: Biosecurity, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Seroprevalence

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613-Agouti_Signaling_Protein_Gene_in_Determining_Coat_Color_in_Bali_CattleResearch Paper

Genetic Diversity of the Agouti Signaling Protein (ASIP) Gene in Determining Coat Color in Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus)

Kholijah K, Darwati S, Fakhrul Ulum M, Noor RR, and Jakaria J.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 952-959, 2025; pii:S232245682500096-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj96

ABSTRACT: Bali cattle, which are indigenous to Indonesia, display distinctive and unique coat color characteristics. The appearance of albinos has been observed as an abnormality. The present study aimed to explore the agouti signaling protein (ASIP) gene in Bali cattle and analyze its association with the occurrence of albinism and white-spotted coat colors in Bali cattle. A total of 68 blood samples from cattle were used, including standard Bali cattle (N = 39), Bali cattle with spotting (N = 9), and albino Bali cattle (N = 20). Standard and white-spotted Bali cattle samples were collected from the Bali Cattle Breeding Centre in Jembrana, Bali Province, and the Breeding Center Unit in Serading, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Albino cattle samples were obtained from Taro Village, Gianyar Regency, Bali. The DNA amplification was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined through direct sequencing, and genotyping was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. The exon 1 and exon 2 regions of the ASIP gene were monomorphic or uniform. The coding region of exon 3 of the ASIP gene in Bali cattle exhibited polymorphisms, specifically regarding coat color. A novel SNP (g.498 A > G) was detected exclusively in Bali cattle; however, it has not yet been validated as a potential genetic marker for coat color in this breed. The findings of this study further revealed that the ASIP gene sequence does not distinguish between standard and albino coat colors in Bali cattle, despite the identification of this specific SNP. 
Keywords: Agouti signaling protein gene, Bali cattle, Coat color, Polymerase chain reaction, Single nucleotide polymorphism

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648-Phenotypic_Resistance_of_Salmonella_enterica_to_AntibioticsResearch Paper

Phenotypic Resistance of Salmonella enterica to Antibiotics in Imported Meats in Tema Metropolis, Ghana

Adzitey F, Anachinaba IA, Susilo A, and Huda N.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 960-967, 2025; pii:S232245682500097-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj97

ABSTRACT: Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) causes certain foodborne diseases and poses public health concerns when it becomes antibiotic-resistant. The present study aimed to determine the resistance of S. enterica to antibiotics from imported meats sold in the Tema Metropolis, Ghana. A total of 300 beef, chicken, and pork samples randomly selected from markets of the Metropolis were tested for S. eneterica. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic resistance in 60 S. enterica isolates. The current results revealed that 40% of imported chicken, 38% of imported pork, and 29% of imported beef were positive for S. enterica. The S. enterica isolated from imported meat sources was 36.7% resistant to tetracycline but susceptible (≥ 68%) to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index fell within the range of 0.1 to 0.6, and 12 different patterns were observed. The present study revealed the contamination of S. enterica in some imported meat sold in Tema Metropolis, Ghana. Avoidance of cross-contamination and adequate thermal treatment of meats before eating is essential.
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Meat, Prevalence, Salmonella enterica

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1900-85-Vicugna_vicugnaResearch Paper

Prevalence and Parasite Load of Helminths in Reintroduced Vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) in High-Andean Communities, Huancavelica, Peru

Rojas E, Machuca ANG, and Bezada S.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 968-977, 2025; pii:S232245682500098-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj98

ABSTRACT: Gastrointestinal helminth infections represent a major threat to the health and conservation of vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) in the Peruvian Andes, while epidemiological information on repopulated populations under community-based management remains limited. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and parasite load of gastrointestinal helminths in reintroduced vicuñas from the high-Andean communities of Huancavelica, Peru. In the present study, 102 vicuñas from the communities of Atuna and Allarpo (Huancavelica), Peru, were evaluated during the 2023 chaccu, a traditional Andean practice in which wild vicuñas are collectively herded, captured, and shorn for fiber under community supervision. The sample consisted of 66 females and 36 males, of which 80 were classified as adults (>3 years old) and 22 as juveniles (1-3 years old). Rectal fecal samples were collected and analyzed to detect and quantify gastrointestinal helminth eggs, including strongyle-type eggs, Nematodirus, Trichuris, and Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica). Samples were analyzed using flotation, modified McMaster, and sedimentation techniques to detect and quantify helminth eggs. Overall prevalence, including by community, sex, age, and parasite load (eggs per gram, EFG) as a geometric mean, was determined. The overall prevalence was 75.5%, with F. hepatica as the most frequent parasite, 79.2% in Allarpo and 60.9% in Atuna, followed by Trichuris spp. (11.6%) and Nematodirus spp. (10.2%), and Strongyle-type eggs 42.0% in Allarpo and 17.45% in Atuna. Juveniles had a higher prevalence of F. hepatica infection (90.9%) compared to adults (71.3%). The mean F. hepatica egg count was higher in Allarpo (34.4 EPG) than in Atuna (11.7 EPG), and this difference was statistically significant. When analyzed by sex, females indicated a higher mean egg count (24.6 EPG; 95% CI: 16.9-35.7) than males (17.4 EPG; 95% CI: 9.8-30.7). Regarding age, adults presented a higher mean EPG (23.6; 95% CI: 16.0-34.8) compared to juveniles (16.5; 95% CI: 8.8-31.1), although mentioned differences were not statistically significant. The findings of the present study indicated that helminth infections, particularly fascioliasis, are widespread, with higher risk in juveniles and environmentally favorable areas, highlighting the need for locally adapted monitoring and control strategies in reintroduced vicuña populations. 
Keywords: Fasciola hepatica, Gastrointestinal helminth, Prevalence, Vicugna vicugna

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706-Crescentia_cujete_and_Enrofloxacin_---Research Paper

Effects of Fermented Crescentia cujete and Enrofloxacin on Inflammation in Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Rats

Mahendra PGW, Widyarini S, and Prakoso YA.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 978-988, 2025; pii:S232245682500099-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj99 

ABSTRACT: Pneumonic pasteurellosis (PP) is a respiratory disease caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) with broad host susceptibility and zoonotic potential. Pasteurellosis is classified as a strategic infectious animal disease and a neglected tropical disease in Indonesia, highlighting the need for effective supportive therapies. Fermented Crescentia cujete L. (FCC) contains bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of FCC combined with enrofloxacin on hematological parameters and the immune expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in an induced PP rat model. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats, three months old and weighing 250-300 g, were divided into five groups, including healthy control (P1), untreated infected rats (P2), rats treated with 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) of enrofloxacin (P3), rats given 20 and 30 mg/kg BW of enrofloxacin and ibuprofen, respectively (P4), and rats administered 20 and 5.92 mg/kg BW of enrofloxacin and FCC (P5), respectively. After a 7-day acclimatization, rats were infected intratracheally with P. multocida on day 8, and treatments were administered orally for seven days starting on day 11. Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) decreased significantly in P2 compared to P1, with no difference between P2 and P3. Although hemoglobin, MCH, and MCHC improved in P4 and P5 toward control levels, most variables remained significantly different from P1. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts were significantly elevated in P2 compared to P1; however, P5 demonstrated a declining trend toward normal values and did not differ significantly from P1. Pulmonary GM-CSF and IL-6 immune expression increased markedly in P2 compared to P1. Groups P3 and P4 exhibited elevated cytokine expression compared to P1, without significant differences from P2. In contrast, P5 indicated a significant reduction in GM-CSF and IL-6 expression compared to P2, reaching levels comparable to those of P1. The FCC combined with enrofloxacin improved hematological status and modulated inflammatory cytokines in PP. The present findings indicated that FCC could be a potential supplementary treatment for managing inflammation and aiding hematological recovery in bacterial infection pneumonia.
Keywords: Crescentia cujete, Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor, Hematology, Interleukin-6, Pasteurella multocida

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688-Sheep_and_GoatsResearch Paper

Investigation of Different Pre-umbilical Surgical Incisions for Ventral Abdominal Celiotomy in Sheep and Goats

Abdullah Z, El-Hawari SF, Almubarak AI, Abdel-Raheem SM, Marzok M, and Abouelella AG.

World Vet. J. 15(4): 989-996, 2025; pii:S232245682500100-15

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj100 

ABSTRACT: Identifying the correct site for surgical incision and reducing unnecessary handling are crucial in veterinary surgical procedures. The current study aimed to evaluate surgical incisions in the pre-umbilical region in small ruminants with correlation to possible surgical operations in the abdominal organs. A randomized experimental study was conducted on 15 sheep (12 females and three males) and 15 goats (12 females and three males), with body weights of 44.9 ± 3.7 kilograms in sheep and 26.3 ± 4.6 kilograms in goats. Five different surgical exposures, including median, left paramedian, right paramedian, left post-xiphoid, and right post-xiphoid, were applied. The accessibility of abdominal viscera was evaluated for each incision site by documenting directly visible organs, organs that could be readily moved to the site of incision, and organs that could only be palpated. Access to the ventral ruminal sac and omentum was achieved through median, left, and right pre-umbilical celiotomy incisions. Furthermore, these surgical approaches allowed for reaching the abomasum and performing of abomasotomy. Abomasotomy and reticulutomy operations were performed through a median pre-umbilical incision. Omasum was palpable and easily examined via the right pre-umbilical celiotomy. The liver and gall bladder were exposed via a right post-xiphoid curved incision. In contrast, the reticulum was accessed for surgical intervention through a left post-xiphoid curved incision. The only recorded postoperative complication was tympany after gastrointestinal surgery. The present study indicated that choosing the appropriate pre-umbilical or post-xiphoid incision greatly improves access to targeted abdominal organs in small ruminants. Right and left pre-umbilical incisions were identified as the most effective approaches for abomasal procedures, whereas post-xiphoid incisions provided the optimal exposure to the reticulum, liver, and gall bladder. Furthermore, access to abdominal organs may vary between sheep and goats when employing the same surgical approach.
Keywords: Abomasotomy, Incision, Laparotomy, Paramedian, Small ruminant

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