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Volume 16 (1); March 2026
Research Paper
Evaluation of Copepods as an Alternative Feeding Strategy in Semi-Intensive Culture of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
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Nurhudah M, Rahayu TH, Yanti LKW, Rahardjo S, Nuraini Y, Marlina E, Margono, Umidayati, Kiswanto A, Abrori M, Fitriadi R, and Ihtifazhuddin MI.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 01-20, 2025; pii:S232245682600001-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj1
ABSTRACT: Indonesia is the fourth-largest global shrimp exporter but faces higher production costs than Ecuador. Using copepods in semi-intensive farming offers a potential solution, as their high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can enhance shrimp growth and efficiency. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of copepods as a live-feed supplement on growth and feed efficiency of vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the semi-intensive culture. A completely randomized design was established with three treatment groups and three replications. A total of 315 post-larvae Litopenaeus vannamei were kept at a density of 35 shrimp per tank, with each tank measuring 1.3 × 1.3 × 0.73 m3 during a 50-day cultivation period. The treatment groups included a commercial feed-only control group (P1), a commercial feed with copepods inclusion (P2), and a copepods-only group (P3). The growth (absolute daily growth, absolute body weight, absolute weight/length), feed efficiency, hepatopancreas histopathology, proximate composition, and water quality (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen, total organic matter, total bacteria count, total vibrio count) were assessed. The current results indicated that P2 achieved the highest growth performance among the treatment groups. Furthermore, P2 provided higher nutritional value for protein and fat than P1 and P3, showing the healthiest tissue structure, mild atrophy, and sloughing, with the lowest hemocyte infiltration, supporting improved epithelial health. Water quality remained within or approximately within the recommended ranges. Therefore, combining copepods with commercial feed improved growth, survival, and feed efficiency compared with using either copepods or commercial feed alone.
Keywords: Copepod, Shrimp growth, Vanname shrimp, Water quality
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Research Paper
The Effect of a Mixture of Amino Acids and Endogenous Lipids on in vitro Oocyte Maturation of Cows
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Gutnisky C, Gagneten P, Martinez S, Gadze T, Breininger E, and Cetica P.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 21-31, 2025; pii:S232245682600002-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj2
ABSTRACT: Understanding the effects of amino acid (AA) and endogenous lipid (EL) metabolism during in vitro oocyte maturation is important; however, most studies use undefined routine maturation media supplemented with glucose or an oxidative agent. The present study was conducted in two phases, with each phase consisting of two stages, and aimed to use supplemented AA (a mix of the 20 amino acids and glutamine) or EL (triacylglycerols) as unique oxidative substrates for oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) to understand the oocyte requirements during maturation. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) obtained from slaughtered Aberdeen Angus cows were matured in five groups to evaluate AA utilization and in the other five groups to evaluate EL utilization. The COCs were incubated in a defined medium either without oxidative substrates (negative control) or supplemented with AA, AA and salicylate as deamination inhibitor, AA and glucose (Glc), and Glc alone (positive control) to evaluate AA catabolism. To assess EL utilization, COCs were cultured with L-carnitine (β-oxidation activator), etomoxir (β-oxidation inhibitor), L-carnitine with Glc, Glc alone (positive control), and without oxidative substrates (negative control). Nuclear maturation, ammonia production, and oocyte lipid content were evaluated after maturation. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were assessed at 48 hours and seven days after fertilization. The results indicated that oocytes matured in media with AA and Glc (51% and 52%, respectively) or AA with salicylate (38%) had higher nuclear maturation rates than the control group (11.76 %), and a synergistic effect was observed in the group supplemented with AA and Glc (70 %). When AA was added to the maturation media as a unique oxidative substrate, ammonia production increased, while embryo development was observed only in the AA and Glc-supplemented group. Media with Glc (68 %) or L-carnitine with Glc (61%) increased the nuclear maturation. A higher lipid content was observed with Glc. Glc (63%) and L-carnitine with Glc (57.9%) increased cleavage rates compared with the other groups, but no group reached the blastocyst stage. Catabolism of AA, EL, or Glc alone served as an oxidative substrate and sustained bovine oocyte nuclear maturation, but they were insufficient to induce oocyte developmental competence.
Keywords: Amino acid, Endogenous lipid, Glucose, In vitro oocyte maturation, Nuclear maturation
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Research Paper
The Effect of Temperature on Survival Rate of White leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Infected with Infectious Myonecrosis Virus
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Za IFS, Zaidy AB, Sugama K, Hasan S, Fitriadi R, Ihtifazhuddin MI, Rahayu SYS, Mahariawan IDM, and kamaruddin.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 32-42, 2025; pii:S232245682600003-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj3
ABSTRACT: Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) is a significant pathogen in shrimp aquaculture, causing high mortality. Environmental factors, particularly temperature fluctuations, are known to trigger IMNV outbreaks. The present study aimed to determine the effects of hyperthermia on the survival rate and incubation period of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) infected with IMNV. The present study utilized a completely randomized design with five treatment groups and three replications. Each replication consisted of 15 shrimp, with an average weight of 9.19 ± 0.58 grams, reared in 100 L plastic containers filled with seawater at 26 ppt salinity. The treatment groups consisted of shrimp infected with IMNV via intramuscular injection and reared at temperatures of 30°C (S30, positive control group), 31°C (S31), 32°C (S32), and 33°C (S33). Additionally, a negative control group of non-infected shrimp was reared at 30°C (Sk30). The observation period lasted 10 days post-infection. The present results demonstrated that hyperthermia significantly impacted shrimp mortality and viral incubation. The highest survival rate was observed in the control group at 97.78%. Among the infected groups, the highest survival rates were recorded in S30 (51.11%) and S31 (48.89%), whereas the lowest were in S32 (28.89%) and S33 (24.44%). In the S33 treatment, higher temperatures reduced the incubation period to 2 days, whereas in the S30 treatment, it lasted for 5 days. The current findings indicated that water temperatures of 32°C and 33°C act as environmental stressors, significantly reducing IMNV incubation period and increasing the risk of mortality in Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp.
Keywords: Hyperthermia, Infectious myonecrosis virus, Incubation period, Survival rate
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Research Paper
Effects of Fermented Fish Waste and Meat-bone Scraps on Laying Performance and Profitability in Japanese Quail
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Ramoso RF, Hebron IU, Taylaran RD, Alcantara CG, Gonzaga NR, Politud ERR, and Camay RM.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 43-53, 2025; pii:S232245682600004-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj4
ABSTRACT: Calcium is essential for quail growth and eggshell formation, but commercial sources are expensive. The present study aimed to evaluate fermented fish waste (FW) and meat and bone scraps (MBS) as alternative calcium sources for Japanese quail, examining their effects on growth, reproduction, egg production and quality, and economic returns. A total of 240 female quail (120 ± 10 g at 35 days post-hatch) were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments (n = 30) in a randomized complete block design with three replications (10 quails each), comprising a formulated calcium-deficient diet (0.8% Ca of dry matter [DM]), a standard layer diet (3.0% Ca DM), and six calcium-supplemented diets using fermented substrates (50 or 100 mL/kg, sprayed onto basal feed). The feeding trial lasted 85 days and evaluated growth performance, reproductive and productive traits, egg quality, and profitability. Mineral analysis of the fermented substrates showed that MBS contained significantly higher calcium than FW (14.86 versus 11.12 mg/kg), while phosphorus and iron levels were comparable. Growth performance differed significantly among treatments at 70 (mid-lay) and 120 (peak production) days post-hatch, with 50 mL MBS/kg producing the highest body weights (180.28 g at 70 days; 229.48 g at 120 days). Reproductive traits (age at first egg, age at sexual maturity, and body weight at maturity) were unaffected by dietary treatments. Production performance and egg quality improved significantly with calcium supplementation compared to the calcium-deficient control. At 120 days, 50 mL MBS yielded the highest hen-day production (96.82%), egg weight (10.83 g), and egg mass (41.94 g) compared to all other treatments, including the standard diet. Shell thickness and albumen height with 50 mL MBS significantly exceeded those of the calcium-deficient diet and matched or surpassed those of the standard diet at both measurement times. Economic analysis showed the highest return on investment for 50 mL MBS (68.69%), comparable to the standard diet (66.06%). These results demonstrate that 50 mL/kg fermented MBS provides a practical, sustainable, and cost-effective calcium source for laying quail, achieving optimal performance across growth, production, egg quality, and economic parameters under the conditions tested.
Keywords: Bone scrap, Calcium supplementation, Circular economy, Egg production, Egg quality, Fermented fish waste, Japanese quail
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Research Paper
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths in Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) in Bali, Indonesia
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Dwinata IM, Oka IBM, Apsari IAP, and Putra IPC.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 54-62, 2025; pii:S232245682600005-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj5
ABSTRACT: Helminth infections of the digestive tract in ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) can cause significant economic losses, as they can lead to growth disorders, decreased egg production, and death in the case of severe infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of digestive tract worms infecting ducks in Bali, Indonesia, through post-mortem examination. A total of 200 Balinese ducks (3–12 months) were examined post-mortem, obtained from six districts in the province of Bali using random sampling. The ducks were necropsied, and their digestive tracts and livers were sampled to identify the presence of the worms. The worms were collected and fixed in aceto-acetic-formalin-alcohol solution, stained with Carmine, and identified based on morphology. The relationship between the district origin, sex, and age of ducks and the infection of each helminth was analyzed using the chi-square test. The results showed that 83.5% (167/200) of ducks were infected with worms, consisting of 78.5% trematodes, 27% cestodes, and 15.5% nematodes. The identification of trematodes revealed 12 genera, including Hypoderaeum spp. (41%), Protechinostoma spp. (16%), Paramonostomum spp. (14%), Cotylorus spp. (13.5%), Apatemon spp. (11.5%), Notocotylus spp. (10.5%), Echinochasmus spp. (10%), Pseudapatemon spp. (6%), Echinostoma spp. (5%), Methorchis spp. (5%), Parorchis spp. (2.5%), and Catatropis spp. (3%). The cestodes found belonged to three genera, including Hymenolepis spp. (26%), Fimbriaria spp. (10.5%), and Cloacotaenia spp. (1%). The only nematode identified was Tetrameres spp., with a prevalence of 15.5%. The district of origin of the ducks was associated with trematode and cestode infections, whereas the age of the ducks was associated only with trematode infections. Based on these findings, this study documented the presence of 12 genera of trematodes, 3 cestodes and one nematode in ducks from Bali, Indonesia. Keywords: Bali, Cestode, Duck, Risk factor, Trematode
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Research Paper
Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis in the Comoe River Basin, Southwestern Burkina Faso
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Vitouley SH, Zongo A, Somda MB, and Belem AMG.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 63-72, 2025; pii:S232245682600006-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj6
ABSTRACT: Fasciolosis is considered a rising zoonotic infection and remains one of the main neglected tropical diseases. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in the Comoé province of southwest Burkina Faso. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three villages of the Comoé River in the Cascades region of Burkina Faso. A total of 100 zebu cattle (Bos indicus), aged between 6 and 24 months and of both sexes (excluding pregnant animals), from nine farms across three villages were randomly selected and sampled. The presence or absence of Fasciola spp. eggs in relation to the animals’ sex and origin were evaluated in the selected samples. Fecal samples were collected from each bovine rectum in a tight plastic bag, kept at +4°C, and transferred to the laboratory of the International Research and Development Center on Livestock Farming in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES) based in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, for subsequent analysis. Fasciola spp. eggs were detected in fecal samples using the Malan and Visser fecal egg counting method. The present study was conducted through a systematic examination of 4,992 bovine livers (including zebu and crossbred animals, both sexes, aged 2-4 years) collected over one year at the abattoir in Banfora, the capital of Comoé Province, Burkina Faso. At the slaughterhouse, the liver flukes were identified by size and morphology. According to the results, 40% of the fecal samples were positive for Fasciola spp. infection. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females. Fasciola gigantica was detected in only 3.43% of the examined livers. Fasciolosis was found to be affected by season and sex, with higher rates in the rainy season and among females at the abattoir, Burkina Faso. The current findings confirmed the endemic presence of bovine fasciolosis in Comoé Province, characterized by a high prevalence in farms (40%) and a low rate of adult Fasciola gigantica infection in slaughtered cattle livers (3.43%).
Keywords: Bovine, Egg, Fasciola, Fecal sample, Fluke, Liver
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Research Paper
Assessment of Pork Meat Quality Following Electrical Stunning with Varying Rest Times: An Analysis of Lactic Acid Content and pH Value
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Suardana IW, Suharsono H, Pinatih KJP, and Suyasa IN.
World Vet. J. 16(1): 73-79, 2025; pii:S232245682600007-16
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj7
ABSTRACT: The quality of pork is closely linked to the stress animals experience before slaughter. Implementing practices that ensure adequate rest and minimize stress in animals before slaughter can play a vital role in enhancing meat quality. The present study aimed to evaluate pork quality following electrical stunning with differing rest periods. A total of 24 landrace pigs, aged 5 to 7 months, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, including pigs with no stunning and a rest period of 24 hours or more (P1), pigs with no stunning and a rest period of less than 24 hours (P2), pigs subjected to electric stunning with a rest of 24 hours or more (P3), and pigs subjected to electric stunning with a rest of less than 24 hours (P4). Muscle glycogen levels were measured using a L-lactic acid colorimetric assay kit, and pH was assessed using established methods. The present results indicated that lactic acid concentrations in pigs that rested for more than 24 hours were higher than those in pigs that rested for less than 24 hours. Lactic acid levels in the control group (without stunning) for a rest period of more than 24 hours were 2,197 ± 0.388 mmol/g protein, higher than in pigs with a rest period of less than 24 hours. Similarly, in pigs subjected to electric stunning, lactic acid levels during a rest period of more than 24 hours were 2,057 ± 0.391 mmol/g protein, higher than those in pigs with a rest period of less than 24 hours (1.622 ± 0.543 mmol/g protein). Meanwhile, pH was higher in P1 (6.04 ± 0.16) than in P2 (5.99 ± 0.14). However, pH in P4 (6.01 ± 0.45) was slightly higher than that in P3 (5.84 ± 0.21). Electrical stunning reduced muscle lactic acid levels and pH. Conversely, providing pigs with a longer rest period (> 24 hours) before slaughter has been associated with higher muscle lactic acid levels. Therefore, it is recommended to combine electrical stunning with sufficient rest periods (over 24 hours) and to keep the pigs in a spacious area before slaughter.
Keywords: Lactic acid, Meat quality, pH, Resting time, Stunning
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