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crossref-_sciencelineVolume 16 (3); September 2026 [Booklet] [EndNote XML for Agris]

914-Bee_-_RatsResearch Paper

Effects of Bee Bread on Paracetamol-Induced Intestinal Injury in Rats

Kirman G.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 765-772, 2026; pii:S232245682600071-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj71 

ABSTRACT: Although paracetamol (PS) is widely used as a safe analgesic and antipyretic agent in both humans and animals at therapeutic doses, high-dose administration may cause damage not only to the liver and kidneys but also to the gastrointestinal system. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of bee bread (BB) on intestinal integrity and inflammation in a paracetamol-induced intestinal injury model in Wistar rats using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. The expression levels of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and the inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A total of 32 male rats (8-10 weeks old, 250-300 g) were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 8 per group), consisting of the control group, the BB group (750 mg/kg/day orally for 10 days), the PS group (1000 mg/kg administered as a single oral dose on day 10), and the PS plus BB group. The BB group exhibited normal intestinal histological architecture, preserved ZO-1 expression, and low MPO immunoreactivity, comparable to those observed in the control group. In contrast, the PS group showed marked mucosal irregularities, villus degeneration, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased ZO-1 expression, and increased MPO immunoreactivity. Compared with the PS group, BB treatment alleviated paracetamol-induced intestinal injury, increased ZO-1 expression, and reduced MPO immunoreactivity in the PS plus BB group. In conclusion, BB administration alone did not adversely affect intestinal morphology or the evaluated immunohistochemical markers and partially protected against paracetamol-induced intestinal injury by preserving intestinal barrier integrity and attenuating inflammatory responses.
Keywords: Bee bread, Histology, Paracetamol, Zonula occludens-1

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828-Helminth_FaunaResearch Paper

Helminth Fauna of Domestic and Wild Ruminants in Garabagh, Azerbaijan

Ahmadov EI, Ibrahimova RSh, Hasanova ZV, and Mammadova FZ.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 773-781, 2026; pii:S232245682600072-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj72 

ABSTRACT: Helminth infections represent a significant constraint impacting the health and productivity of ruminants, with their distribution closely associated with ecological and management factors. The present study aimed to investigate the species composition, prevalence, and biocenological characteristics of helminths in domestic and wild ruminants in the Garabakh Economic Region of Azerbaijan. Between 2022 and 2025, a total of 760 animals were examined. Out of these, 620 were domestic ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats, whereas the other 140 included wild ruminants such as European roe deer, red deer, Caucasian chamois, wild sheep, and goitered gazelle. Helminth infections were evaluated through standard coprological techniques such as flotation, sedimentation, and larval recovery methods. Species identification was conducted based on morphological characteristics, and faunistic similarity was assessed using the Jaccard index. A total of 29 helminth species were identified, with 18 presented in both domestic and wild hosts. The overall prevalence was 61.7%, with goats demonstrating the highest infection rate at 74.2%. The most frequently detected species across the total examined population of domestic and wild ruminants were Fasciola hepatica, Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni, Haemonchus contortus, and Trichostrongylus axei. The high faunistic similarity between cattle and wild sheep, and between goats and Caucasian chamois (Ij = 0.51), indicated active circulation of parasites through shared grazing areas and water sources. Out of the 16 helminth species identified in domestic ruminants, 15 were found in wild hosts. Wild sheep and chamois exhibited the most similar faunal composition. The overall prevalence did not differ significantly between domestic (63.1%) and wild (55.7%) ruminants, with Fasciola hepatica detected in both groups. These quantitative results indicated that wild sheep and chamois played an active role in maintaining helminths alongside livestock, highlighting the importance of ecologically integrated surveillance in shared grazing regions.
Keywords: Economic region, Grazing, Helminth, Ruminant

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857-Bacillus_Consortium_and_Avicennia_marinaResearch Paper

Postbiotic Production from Bacillus Consortium Enriched with Avicennia marina Leaves and Its Antibacterial Activity Against Aquaculture Pathogens

Fahrurrozi A, Prayitno SB, Sarjito S, and Sabdaningsih A.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 782-798, 2026; pii:S232245682600073-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj73 

ABSTRACT: Bacterial infections pose a critical challenge in aquaculture, causing mass mortality and financial losses. The present study aimed to formulate postbiotics from a Bacillus (B.) consortium (B. safensis, B. mycoides, and B. pumilus) enriched with Avicennia marina (A. marina) leaf powder (ALP) and evaluate their activity against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae), Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), Vibrio (V.) harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. alginolyticus. The postbiotics' antibacterial efficacy was assessed using broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), followed by subculturing to determine minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs). The disk diffusion assay assessed the tolerance of Bacillus consortium to A. marina leaf extracts at 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg mL⁻¹, with ethanol as the negative and ciprofloxacin as the positive controls. Postbiotic production used the medium as the control and three graded concentrations of ALP at 1%, 2%, and 3%, followed by thermal inactivation, centrifugation, and filtration to ensure the absence of live cells. The postbiotic was examined using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine its secondary metabolite profiles. The 3% ALP-enriched postbiotic was selected for final antibacterial efficacy analysis against aquaculture pathogens. The results demonstrated that the Bacillus consortium was resistant to leaf extracts at 25-100 mg mL⁻¹, with only minimal inhibition zones of 6.00 to 7.17 mm. In postbiotic production, 3% ALP enhanced bacterial viability to 9.08 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹. The 3% ALP-enriched postbiotic increased the number of metabolites from 384 (baseline control) to 543, accompanied by upregulation of Cyclo(-L-Ala-L-Tyr), (R)-Lactaldehyde, an acylprolinamide derivative, and D-(-)-Ribose. In vitro, 3% ALP selectively inhibited Vibrio spp., demonstrating significant inhibition zones (11.33-15.30 mm), low MIC values (1.6-25% v/v), and low MBC values (6.3-50% v/v). Although disk diffusion produced no inhibition zones for either A. hydrophila or S. agalactiae, A. hydrophila exhibited susceptibility at 25% v/v in the MIC and at 50% v/v in the MBC. In contrast, S. agalactiae remained resistant at the highest concentration, with MIC and MBC values exceeding 50% v/v. Enriching the Bacillus consortium with ALP increased the active metabolites in Bacillus postbiotics, offering a promising control against Vibrio spp. in aquaculture.
Keywords: Aquaculture, Avicennia marina, Bacillus consortium, Metabolite, Postbiotic, Vibriosis

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824-Salmonella_Strains_Isolated_from_Fecal_Samples_of_Dogs_and_Cats_in_Hanoi_VietnamResearch Paper

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Salmonella Strains Isolated from Fecal Samples of Dogs and Cats in Hanoi, Vietnam

Huong CTT, Van Phuong N, Oanh TL, Tuong NM, and Ha Thai T.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 799-807, 2026; pii:S232245682600074-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj74 

ABSTRACT: Salmonella belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is a common pathogen that causes disease in humans and animals. Dogs and cats are potential sources of zoonotic diseases, including those caused by Salmonella spp. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains in fecal samples from dogs and cats collected at veterinary clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. From November 2024 to December 2025, 161 fecal samples from dogs and cats were collected from 12 veterinary clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam, for Salmonella isolation. Fecal samples were cultured in peptone buffer water (PBW) and on selective media such as Rappaport-Vassiliadis soybean (RVS) broth and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar; suspected Salmonella colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests, including sugar fermentation, H2S, and IMViC reactions. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by agar diffusion, and genes implicated in antimicrobial resistance were detected by PCR amplification. The results showed that 11 (6.8%) of 161 fecal samples were Salmonella-positive; Salmonella was detected in 9 of 92 (9.8%) dog fecal samples and 2 of 69 (2.9%) cat fecal samples. The isolates exhibited the highest resistance to tetracycline (90.0%), followed by streptomycin (81.2%). Resistance to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was 45.5%; for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, doxycycline, gentamicin, and cefotaxime, resistance rates ranged from 27.3% to 36.4%. The isolates showed similar resistance rates to neomycin, kanamycin, and ciprofloxacin at 18.2%. Twelve antibiotic resistance genes, including blaTEM, aadA1, aadA2, aphA1-1AB, aac (3')-IV, sul1, cmlA1, floR, tetA, tetB, qnrA, and qnrS, were amplified in the antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains, whereas blaPSE-1, blaOXA-1, tetG, qnrB, and aac (6’)-ib-cr were not detected. The results of the current study underscore the importance of monitoring antibiotic resistance in Salmonella spp. in companion animals to protect public health. 
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance gene, Cat, Dog, Salmonella

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919-_Mung_Bean-Vigna_radiataResearch Paper

Physicochemical Characteristics of Sterilized Milk Supplemented with Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Extract

Sari ARD, Maruddin F, and Hatta W.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 808-817, 2026; pii:S232245682600075-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj75 

ABSTRACT: Sterilized milk is a nutritious dairy product; however, its dietary fiber and antioxidant contents are relatively low. Investigating the potential of sterilized milk is important to support the development of nutritionally enhanced and high-quality functional dairy beverages. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) extract on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and dietary fiber content of sterilized milk. The present study followed a completely randomized design and consisted of four treatment groups with three replications per treatment. The first group was the control, with 100% milk and 0% mung bean extract (A1), the second group consisted of 80% milk and 20% mung bean extract (A2), the third group included 60% milk and 40% mung bean extract (A3), and the fourth group consisted of 40% milk and 60% mung bean extract (A4). Parameters analyzed included antioxidant activity, dietary fiber content, protein content, viscosity, and color (L*, a*, b*). The current results indicated that mung bean substitution had significant effects on all observed parameters. Increasing substitution levels increased antioxidant activity from 18.54% (A1) to 29.14% (A4), and dietary fiber content increased from 0.25% (A1) to 3.22% (A4). The highest protein content (2.28%) was achieved using a 20% mung bean extract substitution. Higher mung bean substitution increased the viscosity from 1.43 centipoise (cP) in the control group to 1.84 cP in Group A4. Compared to the control group, Group A4 exhibited a decrease in lightness (L*) from 74.80 to 66.90 and redness (a) from 5.61 to 0.58, alongside an increase in yellowness (b*) from 2.44 to 3.67. Substituting with 60% mung bean extract yielded the highest antioxidant activity and dietary fiber levels, while 20% mung bean extract led to the highest protein content.
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Color value, Dietary fiber, Mung bean, Sterilized milk, Viscosity

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930-_000_Aflatoxigenic_Aspergillus_flavusResearch Paper

Biocontrol Potential of Rhizospheric Soil Bacteria, Including Streptomyces and Comamonas Species, Against Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus

Elsemin EM, Kimang'a AN, Bargul JL.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 818-838, 2026; pii:S232245682600076-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj76 

ABSTRACT: After decades of extensive exploration of bioactive compounds from Streptomyces spp., the discovery of new bioactive chemicals from routinely studied strains has been declining progressively. To tackle this challenge, recent studies have focused on Actinobacteria from under-explored ecological niches with significant microbial diversity. The present study aimed to assess the possible antifungal activity of Streptomyces spp. isolated from rhizospheric soils of Karura Forest, Nairobi, Kenya, against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), a fungal species known to produce aflatoxin. A total of 236 bacteria were isolated through in vitro cultures and characterized using macroscopic, microscopic, and biochemical tests to identify Streptomyces-like isolates, which were identified by dry, powdery colonies, filamentous branching hyphae, aerial mycelia, and the formation of spore chains, with Gram staining carried out later on isolates advanced through dual culture screening for antifungal activity. Dual culture assays, with A. flavus grown alone as the negative control, were performed to select the promising candidates for further extraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite profiling, and antifungal testing by the disc diffusion method against PBS and nystatin as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The selected isolates also underwent molecular identification by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The analysis revealed that 190 isolates exhibited Streptomyces-like characteristics. Dual culture assays revealed that certain isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of A. flavus, and GC-MS profiling of the corresponding extracts confirmed the presence of bioactive metabolite classes. The pellet crude extracts of the six selected isolates (SA18, SD102, SD109, SD110, SE143, and SE194), exhibited the highest antifungal efficacy, with inhibitory zones of up to 31.60 ± 2.80 mm, relative to the positive control (nystatin); five of the isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces, while SE143 was identified as Comamonas. Supernatant extracts and crude filtrates revealed lower and more variable inhibition across most of the isolates. The present findings indicated that rhizosphere-derived Streptomyces and Comamonas isolates from Karura Forest are potential natural candidates for biological control of A. flavus.
Keywords: Antifungal activity, Aspergillus flavus, Biocontrol, Comamonas sp., Streptomyces spp.

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839-Water_Hyacinth_in_DucksResearch Paper

Optimizing Fermented Water Hyacinth Supplementation with Neurospora crassa in Ducks: Implications for Performance and Small Intestine Morphology

Maslami V, Wiryawan IKG, and Noesidiq A.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 839-855, 2026; pii:S232245682600077-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj77

ABSTRACT: Water hyacinth is a potential alternative feed ingredient for ducks, but its utilization is limited by high fiber content and low digestibility. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects diets containing water hyacinth fermented with Neurospora crassa on feed intake, nutrient intake, growth performance, carcass traits, and intestinal morphology in Pekin ducks. A total of 100 ducks with an average initial body weight of 116 g were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. Each replicate consisted of five ducks, and the experiment was conducted from 7 to 35 days of age. The treatments consisted of 0% water hyacinth (P1), 5% non-fermented water hyacinth (P2), 5% fermented water hyacinth (P3), 10% fermented water hyacinth (P4), and 15% fermented water hyacinth (P5). The feeding trial was conducted for four weeks. The analyzed parameters included feed intake, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, metabolizable energy, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, weight gain, carcass percentage, and intestinal morphology. The results revealed that fermented water hyacinth inclusion had no significant effect on feed intake, metabolizable energy, feed conversion ratio, final body weight, weight gain, carcass percentage, breast percentage, thigh percentage, back percentage, and wing percentage among all treatment groups. No significant differences were observed in intestinal morphology parameters, including duodenal length, jejunal length, ileal length, and intestinal villus length among groups P1 to P5. However, ducks fed 15% fermented water hyacinth (P5) demonstrated significantly higher crude protein and crude fiber intakes compared to other groups. Water hyacinth fermented with Neurospora crassa can be included in Pekin duck diets at up to 15% without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or intestinal morphology, while increasing crude protein and crude fiber intakes.
Keywords: Carcass trait, Duck, Fermentation, Intestinal morphology, Neurospora crassa, Water hyacinth

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1901.1-000_Pavo_cristatusResearch Paper

Prevalence and Pathomorphology of Endoparasites in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) under Different Housing Systems in Odesa Region, Ukraine

Bogach M, Bohach O, Рiven O, Perotska L, Roman L, and Bohach D.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 856-869, 2026; pii:S232245682600078-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj78

ABSTRACT: Parasitic infections represent a major health concern in ornamental and exotic poultry, adversely affecting the health, productivity, and survival of Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus). The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and species composition of endoparasites in Indian peafowl maintained under free-range and aviary housing systems, and to characterize the gross and pathomorphological lesions associated with histomonosis and cestodosis. The present study was conducted in 2020-2025 on private farms and bioparks in the Odesa Region, Ukraine, and included 90 Indian peafowl, 44 males and 46 females, aged 1-2 years. Fecal samples were collected in all seasons, with 45 peafowl kept under free-range housing and 45 under cage-aviary housing. Fecal samples were analyzed by direct smear, flotation, and the McMaster method. The pathomorphological manifestations of histomonosis were examined through a retrospective analysis of 17 cases in Indian peafowl aged 6 weeks to 16 months. Meanwhile, gross lesions of cestodosis were assessed during postmortem examinations of three naturally infected peafowl. The overall prevalence of endoparasitic infections in Indian peafowl was 51.1% under free-range housing and 66.7% under cage-aviary housing. Under free-range housing, Indian peafowl were most frequently infected with Histomonas meleagridis (H. meleagridis; 13.3%), Eimeria spp. (11.1%), Heterakis spp. (8.9%), Raillietina spp. (6.7%), Ascaridia galli (4.4%), Davainea proglottina (4.4%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (2.2%). In cage-aviary housing, the most common parasites were H. meleagridis (24.4%), Eimeria spp. (15.6%), Heterakis spp. (13.3%), Ascaridia galli (6.7%), and Davainea proglottina (2.2%). A mixed infection of H. meleagridis and Ascaridia galli was found exclusively in cage-aviary housing (4.4%). No apparent sex-related differences in susceptibility to protozoan infections were observed. The intensity of protozoan and nematode infections was generally higher in Indian peafowl housed in cage-aviaries than in those under free-range housing. Histomonosis was characterized by fibrinonecrotic typhlitis and characteristic necrotizing hepatitis, whereas cestodosis was associated with catarrhal-desquamative enteritis and severe destructive intestinal lesions. The current results indicated that the housing system affected the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections, as well as the structure of the parasitic community, in Indian peafowl.
Keywords: Cestodosis, Hepatitis, Histomonosis, Indian peafowl, Protozoan infection

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890-Indigenous_Lactic_Acid_Bacteria_from_Fresh_Duck_EggsResearch Paper

Isolation, Phenotypic Characterization, and Functional Potential of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fresh Duck Eggs

Irham M, Hatta W, and Maruddin F.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 870-879, 2026; pii:S232245682600079-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj79

ABSTRACT: Duck eggs are a highly nutritious source of animal protein; however, they are particularly susceptible to microbial contamination. Indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) capable of colonizing fresh egg matrices may possess adaptive traits, making them effective natural biopreservation agents. The present study aimed to isolate, phenotypically characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of LAB derived from different compartments of fresh duck eggs, specifically the inner eggshell, egg membrane, and egg contents. Duck eggs were obtained from two intensive farms (I1 and I2) and two extensive farms (E1 and E2) located in Sidrap Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, during 2024. The LAB isolates were obtained using a selective culture method employing De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar enriched with 1% CaCO₂. Twenty fresh duck eggs (five per location) were sampled, yielding 35 isolates, of which seven were confirmed as LAB based on morphological and biochemical analyses. Characterization included Gram, endospore, and acid-fast staining, catalase testing, and carbohydrate fermentation profiling. Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was evaluated using agar well diffusion method at the original (acidic) and neutral pH levels to identify bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS). Seven selected LAB isolates were obtained, including five from extensive farms (E1S1, E1S3, E1M1, E2S2, E2M2) and two from intensive farms (I1M2, I2M5). All isolates demonstrated complete glucose fermentation and a homofermentative pattern. Isolates E2S2, E2M2, and I1M2 fermented glucose, lactose, fructose, and mannitol, whereas E1S1, E1S3, E1M1, and I2M5 fermented glucose exclusively. Based on phenotypic data, the isolates were preliminarily classified as Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species. Antimicrobial activity testing demonstrated significant inhibitory potential, with maximum inhibition zones of 27.5 mm against E. coli and 17.0 mm against S. aureus. Although inhibition zone diameters decreased at neutral pH, the persistence of a clear zone against E. coli indicated BLIS production. The disappearance of inhibitory activity against S. aureus at neutral pH indicated that organic acids caused the pathogen's inhibition. The current findings indicated that fresh duck eggs contain a high abundance of homofermentative LAB, which could serve as effective natural biopreservation agents to improve food safety and prolong shelf life.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Duck egg, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus

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836-Clinicopathological_Characterization_of_Ocular_and_Renal_Complications_of_Diabetes_Mellitus_in_DogsResearch Paper

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinicopathological Characterization of Ocular and Renal Complications of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Dinh KN, Nguyen TN, Thuy Bui LN, Kim Le TT, and Nguyen TT.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 880-887, 2026; pii:S232245682600080-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj80

ABSTRACT: Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrinopathy in dogs, which can lead to diabetic complications in the patient’s eyes and kidneys. The present study aimed to describe the prevalence, risk factors, hematologic and serum biochemical findings, and incidence of ocular and renal complications of DM in dogs at veterinary clinics in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Dogs brought to veterinary clinics with clinical signs of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss were examined for DM, including hematology, serum biochemical, and urine analyses, from January to December 2025. Dogs confirmed with DM had hyperglycemia after at least 8 hours of fasting and concomitant glycosuria. The incidence of ocular and renal complications of diabetic dogs was recorded by using slit-lamp and urine parameters (elevated serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, microalbuminuria, and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio), respectively. Twenty canine DM cases were identified, accounting for 1.43% of the total dogs brought to veterinary clinics during the study. The mean age of diabetic dogs was 6.35 ± 3.65 years. The highest prevalence of DM was in the 3-8 years old group, the overweight group, and the male-neutered group among male dogs; however, female-entire dogs had the highest overall prevalence (3.36%). Diabetic dogs demonstrated elevated mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and cholesterol, and decreased Lymphocytes, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in hematology and serum biochemical analyses. Urinalysis results of diabetic dogs demonstrated an increase in creatinine, microalbuminuria, and proteinuria, which could be used to diagnose diabetic renal complications in dogs. Cataract formation was the only ocular complication recorded in the present study, which was recorded in 5 diabetic dogs, and all diagnosed dogs had cataracts in both eyes. Renal failure was observed in 5 diabetic dogs, including 4 dogs with stage 4 renal failure and 1 dog with stage 3 renal failure. No dogs had both ocular and renal complications at the same time. In the current study, dogs that were older, overweight, or male-neutered had higher DM prevalence, with cataracts and stage 4 renal failure being the most common diabetic complications.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Dog, Hematology, Ocular complication, Renal complication

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928-0000_HorsesResearch Paper

Granulocyte Histomorphometry, Granulocyte Counts, and Platelet Profiles Associated with Age and Sex in Sumbawa Horses

Ardiana IPGSN, Suwiti NK, Dharmawan NS, Ardana IBK, Sulabda IN, Setiasih NLE, and Besung INK.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 888-898, 2026; pii:S232245682600081-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj81

ABSTRACT: The Sumbawa horse (Equus caballus) is an indigenous Indonesian horse breed traditionally maintained under an extensive grazing system, characterized by unrestricted grazing and exposure to natural climatic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate granulocyte histomorphometry, granulocyte counts, and platelet profiles in clinically healthy indigenous Sumbawa horses in association with age and sex, providing baseline hematological data for this indigenous horse breed. A total of 80 clinically healthy indigenous Sumbawa horses meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling and enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Peripheral blood smears were used for the histomorphometry evaluation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, whereas granulocyte counts, platelet counts, and platelet indices, including mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW-CV), and plateletcrit (PCT), were analyzed with an automated hematology analyzer. Sex had no significant effect on granulocyte histomorphometry or granulocyte counts. However, female horses exhibited significantly higher platelet counts and PCT values, whereas MPV was significantly higher in males. Adult horses exhibited significantly larger neutrophils and basophils, together with higher neutrophil and eosinophil counts. In contrast, platelet counts and platelet indices did not differ significantly between age groups. These findings indicated that granulocyte structural and quantitative characteristics are more responsive to age-related physiological adaptation, whereas platelet variation is predominantly associated with sex.
Keywords: Granulocyte count, Granulocyte histomorphometry, Platelet indices, Sumbawa horse, Sex

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811-Rough_Brucella_Lipopolysaccharide_in_Sheep_-AntibodiesResearch Paper

Serological Investigation of Antibodies Induced by Smooth and Rough Brucella Lipopolysaccharide in Sheep

Saytekin AM, Avcı H, Güllü Yücetepe A, Kiraly-Avcı E, Gül R, Metiner K, Aksoy AN, and Erdenliğ Gürbilek S.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 899-907, 2026; pii:S232245682600082-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj82

ABSTRACT: Different Brucella species, characterized by smooth and rough cell walls, are recognized as etiological agents of ovine brucellosis. While serological studies in adult and older sheep are common, those on the serological status of young animals are limited. The present study aimed to investigate brucellosis in sheep caused by smooth- and rough-walled Brucella species at two slaughterhouses in the Marmara Region of Turkey using serological methods. Three different analyses, including the rapid slide test, the tube agglutination test, and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), each included smooth- and rough-structured Brucella antigens, resulting in a total of six separate tests. Blood sera were randomly obtained from 150 male sheep, approximately 1 year old and weighing about 70 kilograms, from the Merino, Kıvırcık, Lacauné, and Tahirova breeds. These sheep were brought to slaughterhouses from several provinces, including 25 from Tekirdağ, 45 from İstanbul, 43 from Kırklareli, 17 from Çanakkale, and 20 from Kocaeli. Using the rough iELISA, 15 positive cases (10%) were identified, of which eight were concurrently positive with the smooth iELISA. The low positivity rate and negative results from tube agglutination and rapid slide tests decreased the probability that the sheep had active brucellosis. Positive results for the same sample in both S-iELISA and R-iELISA tests may be linked to smooth LPSs, while positivity only in R-iELISA could be attributed to rough LPSs. Although no Brucella ovis or Brucella melitensis were found in the animals examined in the present study, the positive ELISA results suggested that brucellosis could have important epidemiological implications. Using two iELISA methods with smooth and rough LPS antigens concurrently enhanced the diagnostic sensitivity of indirect serological diagnosis of brucellosis.
Keywords: Brucellosis, Sheep, Slaughterhouse, Rough lipopolysaccharide, Smooth lipopolysaccharide

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831-Poultry_Farms_in_Haut-Bassins_Region_Burkina_FasoResearch Paper

The Implementation of Biosecurity Measures in Poultry Farms in Haut-Bassins Region, Burkina Faso

Dahourou LD, Bama BJW, Bako BIA, Wonou MCK, Savadogo M, and Traore A. 

World Vet. J. 16(3): 908-916, 2026; pii:S232245682600083-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj83

ABSTRACT: Poultry farming is an important socio-economic sector in Burkina Faso. However, disease outbreaks can substantially impact livestock production, so appropriate preventive measures should be implemented. The present study aimed to assess the implementation of biosecurity measures in poultry farms in the Haut-Bassins Region, Burkina Faso. The present cross-sectional study included 79 poultry farms and used a validated questionnaire. Questions were asked of each poultry farmer through interviews, and farms were observed to verify the implementation of certain biosecurity measures, including the presence and quality of foot baths, the presence of stagnant water, the orientation of the buildings, and the presence of gates. The current results indicated that the majority of farms were managed by men (86.1%), and 45.6% of farmers had more than 10 years’ experience. Regarding farm capacity, 68.4% could house up to 10,000 poultry, and 64.6% of the reported farms had facilities that could accommodate more than 1,000 poultry. Over 59.5% of farms were located more than 300 meters away from the main road; however, 64.6% were located less than 500 meters from the nearest poultry farm. More than 97.5% of farms were enclosed by fences, and 87.3% of these fences were made from waterproof materials. On farms, 60.8% had functional footbaths, 11.4% produced poultry feed, and 92.4% were not protected against wild birds entering their airspaces. Most farms (97.5%) regularly cleaned and disinfected materials and equipment, but only 38% had suitable waste disposal practices, and 22.8% kept water waste outside the farm. The present study reported that 56.9% of farms implemented a satisfactory level of biosecurity. Farmers who attended poultry farming training were more likely to apply biosecurity practices on their farms. The present study delineated the application of biosecurity measures on farms and emphasized the importance of raising awareness about biosecurity among poultry farmers in the Haut-Bassins Region of Burkina Faso.
Keywords: Biosecurity, Implementation, Poultry farm, Survey, Questionnaire

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781-Effects_of_Cinnamomum_verum_on_Goat_Milk_YogurtResearch Paper

Effects of Cinnamomum verum Supplementation on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Goat Milk Yogurt 

Wanniatie V, Nurlatifah E, Loka NF, Ermawati R, Qisthon A, and Husni A. 

World Vet. J. 16(3): 917-926, 2026; pii:S232245682600084-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj84

ABSTRACT: Yogurt made from goat's milk has a pungent odor that persists in the product. Cinnamon is high in cinnamaldehyde, a compound responsible for its sweet, slightly spicy flavor, distinctive aroma, and warming sensation, all of which can enhance the flavor of goat milk yogurt. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of goat milk yogurt products supplemented with cinnamon. A completely randomized design was employed, with five treatment groups and four replications for each. The control group included goat milk yogurt without cinnamon, and the remaining treatment groups included goat milk yogurt with cinnamon at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. The physicochemical characteristics, including fat content, moisture content, viscosity, pH, and acidity, as well as sensory attributes (color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) were evaluated. The present results indicated that different cinnamon concentrations influenced the fat content, moisture level, and pH of the yogurt, but did not affect its acidity or viscosity. Sensory evaluation of the goat milk yogurt demonstrated that cinnamon addition impacted the yogurt’s color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The 0.2% cinnamon increased fat and pH levels, decreased moisture, and did not alter acidity or viscosity. The current findings suggest that 0.1% cinnamon enhanced the aroma of goat milk yogurt without reducing acceptability, whereas higher concentrations of cinnamon may be less favored.
Keywords: Cinnamon, Goat milk, Physicochemical, Sensory, Yogurt

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1901-5-000_Dairy_Cows_in_a_High_altitudeResearch Paper

Association of Metabolic Profile and Body Condition Score with Productive and Reproductive Parameters in Dairy Cows in a High-altitude Environment 

Remigio-Lorenzo L, Villar FA, Sánchez NM, Unchupaico-Payano I, Mauricio-Ramos Y, and Ninahuanca J.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 927-943, 2026; pii:S232245682600085-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj85

ABSTRACT: High-altitude environments impact metabolic adaptation during the transition from late gestation to early lactation, thereby affecting milk production, metabolic health, and reproductive recovery. The present study aimed to evaluate the associations between metabolic status and body condition with milk yield and composition, metabolic disorders, and reproductive intervals in Brown Swiss cows grazing in high-altitude areas. A prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted at a single production facility in Peru, located at an altitude of 3,829 meters above sea level. Sixty-one multiparous cows, approximately 5.5 to 7 years old, with 4 to 5 recorded calvings, had an average prepartum body weight of 692.4 ± 123.6 kilograms. These cows were monitored from 4 weeks before calving until 9 weeks postpartum. Metabolic adaptation during the transition period was evaluated prepartum and at postpartum weeks 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin, total protein, ionized calcium, body condition score, estimated body weight, milk yield and composition, and reproductive intervals were measured. Energy-lipid imbalance was determined by measuring β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides, whereas serum protein levels were assessed by measuring albumin and total protein. Both integrated indicators, energy–lipid imbalance and serum protein status, demonstrated non-linear patterns, peaking at their highest posterior levels around postpartum week 5. Postpartum week had a greater impact on milk production and composition than the animals' metabolic status. The body condition score demonstrated the strongest association with ketosis, where a 1-standard-deviation increase was associated with lower odds of ketosis. Ketosis prevalence was highest at week 5 (19.6%), whereas hypocalcemia persisted as a common condition throughout the follow-up period. Higher serum protein levels were associated with a shorter calving-to-conception interval, although this finding was imprecise. The postpartum period was more strongly associated with milk production, whereas body condition was the most indicative measure of ketosis risk.
Keywords: Body condition score, Dairy cow, Ketosis, Milk yield, Postpartum period, Transition period

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848-Saanen_Goats_SpermResearch Paper

Effects of Adding Aquilaria malaccensis Leaf Extract on Motility and Post-Thaw Semen Quality Using Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis in Saanen Goats 

Nisfimawardah L, Husein F, Monasdir, Ratnasari IFD, Sukmawati E, and Wahjuningsih S.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 944-956, 2026; pii:S232245682600086-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj86

ABSTRACT: The quality of frozen semen from Saanen goats plays a vital role in the success of artificial insemination. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different semen diluents on post-thaw semen quality and sperm kinematic parameters using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Fresh semen samples were obtained from two 3-4-year-old Saanen goats, weighing 64 kilograms and 92 kilograms, with an average fresh motility of 80%. Semen quality was assessed under a microscope, focusing on motility, viability, abnormalities, concentration, and total motile spermatozoa. In the current laboratory experiment, five treatment groups were used with 10 replicates. The first group served as the negative control and consisted of tris-egg yolk without Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract, the second group contained tris-egg yolk with 0.10 mg of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract, the third group consisted of tris-egg yolk with 0.15 mg of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract, the fourth group contained tris-egg yolk with 0.20 mg of Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract, and the fifth group received the AndroMed® (positive control). The present results indicated that the use of different diluents had a significant effect on post-thawing semen quality, including motility, progressive motility, average path distance, curved line distance, straight line distance, average path velocity, straight line velocity, curvilinear velocity, amplitude of lateral head, beatcross frequency, and wobble. However, there was no significant difference in post-thawing semen quality in terms of individual motility, viability, abnormalities, concentration, total motile spermatozoa, straightness, and linearity. The use of tris-egg yolk diluents supplemented with Aquilaria malaccensis leaf extract at a concentration of 0.10 mg and AndroMed® indicated that the highest results among all treatments were demonstrated by the highest post-thaw semen quality.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Aquilaria malaccensis, Sperm kinematic, Saanen goat

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800-Livestock_Owners_KnowledgeResearch Paper

Assessment of Livestock Owners' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Antimicrobial Usage, and Resistance in Amhara Region, Ethiopia 

Simeneh G and Simeneh Y.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 957-968, 2026; pii:S232245682600087-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj87

ABSTRACT: Antibiotic resistance is a major concern for humans and animals, especially in less developed countries such as Ethiopia. Livestock owners often misuse antibiotics, use incorrect doses, and ignore instructions for proper medication use. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess livestock owners' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use, antibiotic residues, and antibiotic resistance in Ethiopia. Structured interviews were conducted with eligible participants to gather insights on their perceptions and self-reported practices related to AMU and AMR. A survey involving 240 livestock owners assessed their backgrounds, knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Among the livestock owners, 84.6% were men, 36.2% had only completed primary education, and 88.8% were aware of AMR and AMU. Antimicrobial use and AMR were not comprehended by 58.8% of respondents. A significant number of respondents mistakenly believed that antibiotics were effective against viral infections. Additionally, 76.7% of respondents reported consuming animal-derived products at home from animals treated with over-the-counter medications without observing the recommended withdrawal periods, even though 75% of respondents were aware of the antibiotic withdrawal periods for ill animals. In the present study, 47.9% of respondents reported giving antibiotics to their animals in the past month, primarily for illness prevention or treatment. There was a significant association across KAP scores and gender, education, income, and farming experience. Although livestock owners have adequate knowledge and positive attitudes toward antibiotic use, many still engage in practices that may contribute to AMR.
Keywords: Antimicrobial use, Antimicrobial resistance, Drug residue, Livestock owner, Veterinary

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907-Babesia ovisResearch Paper

Hematological and Biochemical Dysregulation During Acute Babesia ovis Infection in Sheep

Azizova A, Uslu U, Aslanova E, Hasanli N, Mammadova G, and Yusifli Y.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 969-977, 2026; pii:S232245682600088-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj88

ABSTRACT: Babesiosis, caused by Babesia ovis, is a significant tick-borne disease affecting small ruminants, characterized by hemolytic anemia, liver dysfunction, and metabolic imbalances. The current study aimed to investigate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations linked to naturally occurring ovine babesiosis in the Shirvan-Salyan region of Azerbaijan. A total of 21 Garadolag-breed lambs, comprising 11 females and 10 males, all under 1 year old and weighing 15-18 kg, were purposively sampled from three farms. The present study included animals exhibiting clinical signs such as hyperthermia and anemia, as well as healthy animals from the same flocks for comparison. A total of 21 Garadolag sheep were examined, consisting of eight with severe clinical signs of babesiosis and thirteen that appeared healthy. Because clinical signs were observed in the flock, all animals underwent a thorough examination. Babesiosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears, and hematological as well as serum biochemical parameters were determined using automated analyzers. The infected sheep exhibited significant reductions in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, alongside leukocytosis, eosinophilia, and monocytosis, indicating severe hemolytic anemia. Blood smear examination revealed anisocytosis and poikilocytosis, indicating erythrocyte destruction and a regenerative response. Serum biochemical evaluation revealed elevated levels of bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, as well as increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Conversely, the levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin decreased, indicating compromised liver synthetic function and changes in protein metabolism. The present study demonstrated that acute Babesia ovis infection in Garadolag lambs was characterized by distinct clinical signs, including primarily hyperthermia, icterus, and significant parasitemia, alongside specific systemic disturbances.
Keywords: Babesia ovis, Biochemical parameter, Hemolytic anemia, Liver dysfunction, Metabolic disorder

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863-Sarcocystis sppResearch Paper

Morphological and Molecular Investigations of Sarcocystis spp. in Camelus dromedarius in Kuwait

Henedi A, Dalimi A, Youssef W, Ashour AAB, and Taha HAH.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 978-988, 2026; pii:S232245682600089-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj89

ABSTRACT: Sarcocystosis is a disease caused by Sarcocystis parasites, which are widely distributed among mammals, birds, and reptiles and may cause myositis and encephalitis. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, morphological and histopathological characteristics, and molecular identification of Sarcocystis infection in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Kuwait using pepsin digestion, histopathological examination, and molecular characterization based on the 18S rRNA gene. A total of 1,350 tissue samples from muscles, diaphragm, tongue, heart, and esophagus were collected from 270 camels slaughtered in Kuwait. The camels comprised 214 males and 56 females and were categorized into three age groups, including younger than 8 months (n = 99), between 8 months and 3 years old (n = 113), and older than 3 years old (n = 58). Microscopic examination revealed Sarcocystis infection in 194 of 270 camels (71.85%). Infection was not significantly associated with sex, whereas age and season were significantly associated with Sarcocystis prevalence. Sarcocystis prevalence was 63.3% in muscle, 63.0% in diaphragm, 62.2% in tongue, 62.0% in heart, and 56.3% in esophagus. Histopathological examination revealed three cyst morphologies, including spindle-shaped, ellipsoidal, and irregularly elongated. Pepsin digestion revealed three distinct bradyzoite morphologies, including banana-shaped, sausage-shaped, and round forms. Five tissue samples were selected for molecular analysis using 18S rRNA sequencing. The BLASTn analysis demonstrated the highest similarity to Sarcocystis spp. isolated from Camelus dromedarius in Iran (GenBank accession no. GU074011), with 69% query coverage and a sequence identity of 98.4-98.67%. The present study reported a high prevalence of Sarcocystis infection (71.85%) among dromedary camels in Kuwait, with infection rates significantly influenced by age and season. Three distinct cyst and bradyzoite morphologies, along with molecular data showing high sequence similarity to Iranian dromedary isolates, strongly suggested that Sarcocystis infections are widespread and diverse among camel populations in Kuwait.
Keywords: Camelus dromedarius, Molecular analysis, Sarcocystis spp., Season

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888-Goat Milk with Lontar Fruit Using SweetenersResearch Paper

Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Processed Goat Milk with Lontar Fruit Using Different Types and Levels of Sweeteners

Hamimah H, Maruddin F, and Ako A.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 989-1000, 2026; pii:S232245682600090-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj90

ABSTRACT: Fresh goat milk is perishable and has a distinctive flavor that may reduce consumer acceptance. Incorporating lontar fruit and sweeteners such as honey and stevia may improve its physicochemical properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different sweetener types and concentrations on the characteristics of goat milk supplemented with lontar fruit puree. A completely randomized design was employed, comprising seven treatments, including a control group with 5% sucrose, honey at three concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%), and stevia at three concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%), each with four replicates. Antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, degree of acidity (pH), viscosity, and color values, including brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), were evaluated. Honey-containing treatments demonstrated higher viscosity and lower pH than stevia-containing treatments, while the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the 0.15% stevia treatment (33.80%). No microbiological inhibition was observed against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The inclusion of honey in goat milk supplemented with lontar fruit puree resulted in higher viscosity than treatments containing stevia. Formulations with milk and honey had a lower pH than those with stevia. The 0.05% stevia treatment had the highest L* value (brightest color) and a negative a* value (a greener hue), while honey increased the intensity of red and yellow coloration with increasing concentration. The 0.15% stevia treatment demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity and favorable physicochemical characteristics.
Keywords: Goat milk, Lontar fruit, Microbiological characteristic, Physicochemical characteristic, Sweetener

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813-Streptococcus dysgalactiae in Commercial Broiler Farms in BangladeshResearch Paper

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus dysgalactiae in Commercial Broiler Farms in Barishal, Bangladesh

Arafat MY, Disha AJ, Ansari WK, Akimul MK, Sumona NA, and Rume FI.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1001-1009, 2026; pii:S232245682600091-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj91

ABSTRACT: Streptococcus dysgalactiae (S. dysgalactiae) is a significant pathogen affecting veterinary and public health. However, data on its presence and antimicrobial resistance in poultry production in Bangladesh are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, identification methods, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles of S. dysgalactiae in poultry, water, and feed samples collected from poultry farms in the coastal regions of Barishal, Bangladesh. A total of 64 samples were randomly collected, including poultry samples (heart, intestine, feces) and farm-associated sources (water and feed). These samples were analyzed using conventional phenotypic methods, including culture characteristics, hemolytic activity on blood agar, Gram staining, and catalase testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was not performed. S. dysgalactiae was found in 26 (40.62%) samples, with a significantly higher occurrence in poultry samples (52.63%) compared to environmental samples (23.08%). Among poultry samples, intestinal specimens exhibited the highest isolation frequency. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, while moderate resistance was observed to amoxicillin, azithromycin, streptomycin, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline. Comparatively lower resistance rates were detected for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and gentamicin. Multidrug resistance was identified among isolates collected from poultry and environmental samples. The current findings demonstrated the presence of multidrug-resistant S. dysgalactiae in poultry production systems in coastal Barishal and provided baseline epidemiological data for Bangladesh. The study highlighted the need for prudent antimicrobial use, stronger farm biosecurity, and continuous surveillance. 
Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Broiler chicken, Poultry, Prevalence, Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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873-Three-Dimensional Imaging and Plastination in Veterinary Anatomy EducationResearch Paper

Three-Dimensional Imaging and Plastination in Veterinary Anatomy Education

Ben Hadj A, Elseory AMA, Aleid MS, Al-Ramadan A, Elhassan MMO, Eissa L, Ali AM, and Al-Thnaian TA.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1010-1018, 2026; pii:S232245682600092-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj92

ABSTRACT: Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in veterinary education. However, cadaveric dissection encounters significant challenges such as high costs, ethical concerns, and limited accessibility, particularly in developing countries. The present study aimed to develop supplementary, cost-effective educational tools using smartphone-based three-dimensional (3D) imaging and a modified Elnady plastination technique applied to ox and camel organs to enhance gross anatomy teaching. Digital photogrammetry was employed to create 3D models of the axis, skull, femur, lumbar vertebrae, and soft-tissue specimens of the head, including the nasal and oral cavities of an adult bull, utilizing a smartphone camera. Subsequently, the 3D models were processed and refined using the KIRI Engine 3D Scanner application. Bull specimens were obtained from the Anatomy Laboratory at the College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, from the existing collection. Meanwhile, anatomical specimens from five adult male camels (5 hearts, 10 kidneys, 5 penises, and 5 testes) and six adult bulls (6 testes) were plastinated using a modified version of the Elnady protocol to create long-lasting teaching tools. The 3D imaging produced precise, high-resolution, and interactive models of the ox skeleton, which clearly exhibited anatomical structures and spatial relationships with adjacent bones. The ox skeletal and soft-tissue 3D models demonstrated excellent detail, allowing clear visualization of anatomical structures. Plastinated specimens of the adult male camel preserved their anatomical integrity, exhibited minimal shrinkage, had adequate structural clarity, remained dry, odorless, and suitable for repeated handling. Among the ox specimens, shrinkage was observed in the testicular parenchyma following plastination. Using 3D imaging alongside plastination enhanced visual and tactile learning. The current findings indicated that smartphone-based 3D photogrammetry and the modified Elnady plastination technique offered a practical, scalable approach to modernizing anatomy teaching, especially in limited-resource settings.
Keywords: Anatomy, Education, Ox, Plastination, Veterinary, 3D imaging

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905-Palm Vinegar on TNF-α and Blood Profile in RatsResearch Paper

Effects of Acetobacter species Isolated from Palm Vinegar on TNF-α and Blood Profile in Rats

Rastina, Darmawi, Safika, Hayati Z, Yulia W, Daud M, Sovira N, Hasan DI, Balqis U, and Ritonga MZ.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1019-1026, 2026; pii:S232245682600093-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj93

ABSTRACT: Palm vinegar (Arenga pinnata), a traditional fermented product, contains acetic acid bacteria, particularly Acetobacter sp., which may serve as a natural immunomodulatory agent. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of Acetobacter sp. isolated from palm vinegar on the immune response of white rats. A total of 24 male rats, aged 6-8 weeks and weighing 150-200 g, were randomly assigned to four groups of six rats each. The study included a control group that received normal saline and three treatment groups that received McFarland at doses of 0.5 (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/mL), 2 (6.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL), and 4 (1.2 × 109 CFU/mL) orally over 21 days. Acetobacter sp. was administered once a day for 14 days, and effects were monitored through blood samples collected weekly. Serum samples were collected during the first and second weeks of observation to assess tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for hematological examination. The results showed no significant difference in TNF-α levels between the first and second weeks. In the first week, mean TNF-α decreased in a dose-dependent manner, with the lowest value in the McFarland 4 group. During the second week of observation, measured parameters fluctuated across the treatment groups. Levels in the control group and McFarland 2 increased, while the McFarland 0.5 and 4 groups continued to decrease. Red blood cell (RBC) and WBC analysis showed no significant differences between observation times and between treatment groups. Descriptively, in the first week, the control group had the highest score and McFarland’s 0.5 the lowest, but the values at doses 2 and 4 remained within the normal physiological range. In the second week, most groups showed an upward trend, except McFarland 0.5, which remained low. It can be concluded that Acetobacter sp. isolated from palm vinegar is effective as an immunomodulatory agent through a decrease in TNF-α levels. The stability of RBC and WBC parameters within normal limits confirms the safety of these bacteria, making them functional probiotic candidates that do not trigger systemic inflammation or blood balance disorders.
Keywords: Acetobacter, Palm vinegar, Probiotic, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

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913-Sperm Quality and Reproductive Performance in RabbitsResearch Paper

Effects of Dietary Cordyceps militaris on Sperm Quality and Reproductive Performance in Rabbits

Ngoc BLK, Anh LHP, Lan LHK, Huy CQ , Hao NL, Duy NLK, Thuong NTL, Phuc NTH, and Khuong TTT.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1027-1036, 2026; pii:S232245682600094-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj94

ABSTRACT: Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal mushroom rich in bioactive compounds and has been investigated for its potential antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with Cordyceps militaris extract on semen quality and reproductive performance in male rabbits. A total of 15 adult male rabbits, with an average body weight of 3.56 ± 0.34 kg, were randomly assigned to five treatments receiving 0 (control), 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg of Cordyceps militaris extract daily for 14 weeks. Semen was collected at weeks 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14, with an average volume of 0.4 ± 0.1 mL per collection, and evaluated for sperm viability, motility, acrosome and membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, and antioxidant capacity. A total of 15 adult female rabbits, with an average body weight of 3.37 ± 0.26 kg, were used for mating and were managed under the same experimental conditions. After eight weeks of supplementation, treated males were naturally mated with female rabbits to evaluate fertility and litter performance. Compared with the control group, Cordyceps militaris supplementation improved sperm motility, viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, and antioxidant capacity, while reducing DNA fragmentation. The 40 mg/day treatment showed the most favourable overall effects on semen quality across the evaluation period. At week 8, rabbits receiving 40 mg/day showed higher sperm motility (74.34%), viability (90.85%), acrosome integrity (99.92%), membrane integrity (39.79%), and seminal antioxidant capacity (35.04%), together with lower DNA fragmentation (35.76%), compared with the control group. The 40 mg/day group showed a significantly higher pregnancy rate at first mating than the control group, reaching 100%. Rabbits that received 40 mg/day achieved a 100% first-mating pregnancy rate, while litter traits and offspring growth did not differ significantly among treatments. Overall, dietary supplementation with Cordyceps militaris improved semen quality and reproductive performance in male rabbits, with 40 mg/day providing the most favourable overall response among the tested supplementation levels.
Keywords: Antioxidant capacity, Dietary supplementation, DNA fragmentation, Sperm, Reproductive performance

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870-Taste-Masked Praziquantel Formulation as a Feline AnthelminticResearch Paper

Comprehensive Preclinical Evaluation of a Taste-Masked Praziquantel Formulation as a Feline Anthelmintic

Subangkit M, Tarigan E, Irarang Y, Farhana S, Putra HY, and Djuwita SR.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1037-1045, 2026; pii:S232245682600095-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj95

ABSTRACT: Helminthiasis is common in domestic cats, compromising their welfare and posing a zoonotic risk. Praziquantel is a highly effective agent against cestodes; however, its bitter taste may cause hypersalivation and resistance to oral administration. The present randomized, controlled trial aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical qualities, anthelmintic efficacy, tolerability, and systemic exposure to praziquantel (Anthel Cat), formulated with taste-masking and solubilizing excipients, compared with a commercially available product. A total of 30 domestic short-haired cats (Felis catus), aged 1-3 years and weighing 3.5 ± 1.1 kilograms (kg), comprising 20 males and 10 females, all of which had naturally acquired gastrointestinal helminth infection confirmed by fecal examination, were randomly allocated into three groups of ten. The control group received distilled water, the commercial group received a commercially available product, and the Anthel group received Anthel Cat tablets. Both active treatments contained 20 mg of praziquantel and 230 mg of pyrantel pamoate per tablet and were administered at the recommended dose of 1 tablet per 4 kg of body weight, as a single oral dose. Cats were monitored for 14 days. Active ingredient content, disintegration time, fecal egg counts determined by flotation and sedimentation, hematology, serum biochemistry, taste acceptance, and plasma praziquantel concentration were assessed. Anthel Cat active ingredient contents were 107.88% of pyrantel pamoate and 99.17% of praziquantel, both within pharmacopoeial limits, with a mean disintegration time of 7 minutes 22 seconds. By day 14, fecal egg counts in both treated groups declined to near zero by sedimentation, whereas flotation did not demonstrate a difference among groups. Hematological and serum biochemical parameters remained within reference ranges and did not differ among groups, which indicated no hepatic or renal toxicity. Peak plasma praziquantel levels occurred 1 hour after dosing in both treated groups, and Anthel Cat did not differ from the commercial product. For taste acceptance, Anthel Cat produced no measurable saliva volume. Salivation duration was elevated in both treated groups. The result demonstrated that Anthel Cat has the same quality as the commercial product in pharmaceutical quality, anthelmintic efficacy, tolerability, and systemic exposure. However, limiting the salivary aversion response, particularly saliva volume.
Keywords: Anthelmintic, Cat, Efficacy, Praziquantel, Pyrantel pamoate

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711-Antibiotic Use in Veterinary SurgeryResearch Paper

Antibiotic Use in Veterinary Surgery: Perioperative Practices and Associated Factors in Kenya

Moffat N, Edwin MW and Demesi MJ.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1046-1059, 2026; pii:S232245682600096-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj96

ABSTRACT: Antibiotics are extensively used in animals undergoing surgery to prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) and improve surgery outcomes. The current study aimed to evaluate perioperative practices among Kenyan veterinarians and determine their correlation with perioperative antibiotic administration. The present study employed a cross-sectional survey design, in which a structured questionnaire was distributed to veterinarians in Kenya who were registered with the Kenya Veterinary Board. Detailed information on respondents' demographics, types of surgical procedures, perioperative practices, antibiotic usage patterns, and the incidence of SSI were collected. Eighty-three veterinarians participated in the study from January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, comprising 48 (57.8%) males and 35 (42.2%) females. The average number of surgeries performed monthly was 8.7, primarily elective and reconstructive procedures. Hand scrubbing before surgery was widely practiced (86.7%); However, only 42.2% adhered to recommended techniques, which include using a scrub solution followed by 70% ethyl alcohol disinfection. The primary sterilization methods were chemical immersion (49.4%) and autoclaving (37.5%). The majority of respondents (85.5%) considered antibiotic use optimal, primarily based on their personal experience (74.7%). Antibiotics were predominantly administered postoperatively (67.5%) and were highly likely to be used in contaminated, dirty, and emergency surgeries. Penicillins and cephalosporins were the most commonly used antibiotic classes perioperatively. Antibiotic usage was notably correlated with the surgeon’s educational background, routine hand scrubbing, and adherence to ideal scrubbing protocols. The present study highlighted the existing perioperative antibiotic practices and identified main risk factors for antimicrobial misuse among veterinarians in Kenya.
Keywords: Antibiotic use, Infection, Antimicrobial resistance, Surgery, Veterinarian

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830-Productivity and Reproductive Capacity in Farm AnimalsReview

Influences of Genetic, Feed, and Technological Factors on the Productivity and Reproductive Capacity in Farm Animals

Luhovyi S, Pidpala T, Danylchuk H, and Onyshchenko L.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1060-1071, 2026; pii:S232245682600097-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj97

ABSTRACT: Productive and reproductive performance in farm animals is shaped by the combined effects of genetic potential, nutritional conditions, and technological management, although the relative importance of these factors differs among species. The present study aimed to identify the main genetic, nutritional, and technological factors influencing the productive and reproductive performance of farm animals and to assess their relative contributions and interactions. A 12-month controlled comparative study included 480 clinically healthy animals, including 120 cattle, 160 pigs, and 200 laying hens of the selected breeds. Within each species and breed, eligible animals were grouped according to age, sex, physiological status, and body condition score. Animals with similar values for these variables were then matched and non-randomly allocated to control and experimental groups to minimize pre-intervention differences between the groups. In cattle, the assessed parameters included milk yield, milk fat and protein content, liveweight gain, pregnancy rate after first insemination, calf birth weight, and calf survival to weaning. In pigs, average daily gain, slaughter yield, intramuscular fat content, litter size, piglet birth weight, and pre-weaning survival were evaluated. In laying hens, egg production, egg weight, the proportion of eggs with shell or shape defects, hatchability, and chick survival were assessed. Measurements were obtained from July 2024 to June 2025 from production records, electronic weighing, infrared milk analysis, ultrasonography, Soxhlet extraction, and automated egg analysis. In cattle, genetic factors, particularly breed and breeding improvement, had the greatest influence in increasing milk yield by 5.8-9.3% and milk protein content by 0.08-0.12 percentage points. In pigs, nutritional factors made the greatest contribution, including optimization of the dietary protein-to-energy ratio, which increased average daily gain by 7.0%, litter size by 4.5%, and intramuscular fat content by 16.7%. In laying hens, combined nutritional and genetic factors increased egg production by 3.9-6.0% and reduced the proportion of non-standard eggs by 31.1%. Technological optimization of microclimate, stocking density, reproductive management, and stress reduction stabilized performance and increased piglet survival by 1.5-2.8%. The findings support species-specific integration of breeding, nutritional, and management strategies.
Keywords: Breeding, Microclimatic condition, Optimization of feeding, Product quality, Reproduction indicator

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957-_Bluetongue_Virus_Serotypes_in_Pregnant_EwesResearch Paper

Safety Evaluation of Inactivated Polyvalent Vaccine Against Bluetongue Virus Serotypes 10, 11, and 17 in Pregnant Ewes

Sarma G, Burton T, Moody L, and Wallis D.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1072-1082, 2026; pii:S232245682600098-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj98

ABSTRACT: Bluetongue is a noncontagious, vector-borne Orbivirus-induced disease of domestic and wild ruminants. Both live and inactivated monovalent vaccines are used to control bluetongue disease worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and post-vaccination seroconversion of an inactivated polyvalent bluetongue virus (BTV) vaccine containing serotypes 10, 11 and 17 in pregnant ewes. The vaccine was evaluated by vaccinating 66 pregnant ewes (33 for each study group). The ewes enrolled for this study represented 24 dairy, 30 meat, and 12 crossbreds and were aged 1-9 years. The average body weight of the animals ranged from 73 to 82 kg. Pregnant ewes representing all three trimesters of pregnancy were used in this study. Each animal was vaccinated with a 2.0 ml dose of the vaccine subcutaneously. All ewes were revaccinated similarly after one month. Local injection site reactions after both vaccinations, systemic and other adverse reactions, effects on pregnancy, fetal development, delivery of the lambs, and post-vaccination virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody titers were monitored after each vaccination. Mild to moderate injection site reactions such as swelling or lump formation were seen in 29 injection sites (22.0%). All injection site reactions were resolved completely within 2 – 7 weeks without further complications and treatment. Mild to moderate post-vaccination systemic reactions such as anorexia/lethargy/laminitis were seen only in two ewes, which lasted for four days. Bluetongue vaccination in the pregnant ewes did not affect the pregnancy, fetal development, and delivery of the lambs. There were no premature abortions or any form of teratogenic deformities in any of the lambs delivered. The vaccine in the pregnant ewes induced post-vaccination VN antibody titers against all three serotypes of BTV. Lambs born to the vaccinated ewes also showed a protective level of VN antibody titers against all three serotypes of the virus following passive transfer of maternal antibodies. The levels of VN antibody titers seen in the ewes and lambs were considered sufficient to provide protection against field virus challenge. The results of the current study indicated that inactivated polyvalent bluetongue virus vaccine had no adverse effects on pregnancy and lamb delivery. 
Keywords: Bluetongue, Inactivated vaccine, Maternal antibody, Pregnant ewe, Safety, Virus-neutralizing antibody

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837-Candida sppShort Communication

Isolation of Candida spp. from Broiler Chickens' Crop at a Slaughterhouse in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Rahmi N, Pertiwi SL, and Fadillah S.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1083-1087, 2026; pii:S232245682600099-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj99

ABSTRACT: Candida spp. are opportunistic yeasts commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. The present study aimed to determine the distribution and compare the colony counts of presumptively identified Candida spp. recovered from the crop of broiler chickens at a poultry slaughterhouse in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Ten crop samples collected from individual broiler chickens were enriched in peptone water and subsequently cultured on CHROM agar™ Candida. Presumptive identification of Candida spp. was based on characteristic colony color and morphology. The results revealed marked differences in colony counts among the three presumptively identified Candida species. Candida albicans (C. albicans) exhibited the highest mean colony count (9.10 ± 0.88 colonies/plate), followed by C. krusei (6.60 ± 0.97 colonies/plate) and C. tropicalis (6.10 ± 0.99 colonies/plate). Pairwise comparisons revealed that C. albicans had significantly higher colony counts than both C. krusei and C. tropicalis, whereas no significant difference was observed between C. krusei and C. tropicalis. The present findings indicated that C. albicans was the predominant presumptively identified Candida species in broiler chicken crops and highlight the need to further investigate their occurrence, epidemiology, and potential public health implications in poultry production and processing systems.
Keywords: Broiler chicken, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Crop

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932-Non-Surgical Contraception in Male Dogs and Cats--Review

Non-Surgical Contraception in Male Dogs and Cats: Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives

Bahçe ZC and Karaca F.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1088-1095, 2026; pii:S232245682600100-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj100

ABSTRACT: Surgical sterilization is widely used for population control and reproductive management in dogs and cats; however, its irreversible nature has increased interest in non-surgical contraceptive methods. Hormonal approaches, including progestins, GnRH agonists, and GnRH antagonists, as well as immunocontraceptive and chemical methods, have been investigated for fertility control in male dogs and cats. The present review summarizes the current literature on non-surgical contraceptive methods in male dogs and cats, focusing on their mechanisms of action, effectiveness, reversibility, duration of effect, and reported side effects. Non-surgical approaches include GnRH agonists and antagonists administered systemically or via implants, immunocontraceptive methods, and chemical castration agents administered by intratesticular or intraepididymal injection. GnRH agonists have been reported to provide prolonged and reversible suppression of reproductive function, whereas GnRH antagonists generally have a more rapid onset but a shorter duration of action. Immunocontraceptive methods can suppress testosterone concentrations and spermatogenesis, although their effects may vary among individuals. Chemical castration can impair spermatogenesis and semen quality, with outcomes depending on the chemical agent and administration technique. In conclusion, non-surgical contraceptive methods revealed potential for fertility control in male dogs and cats.
Keywords: Cat, Chemical castration, Dog, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, Immunocontraception

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1900-99--Canine Parvovirus in Ecuador and WorldwideReview 

An Update on Canine Parvovirus in Ecuador and Worldwide: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Control 

Huera EPR and Matamoros DFM.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1096-1111, 2026; pii:S232245682600101-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj101

ABSTRACT: Canine parvovirus (CPV) remains one of the most relevant viral pathogens affecting domestic dogs worldwide, particularly in young and unvaccinated populations, due to its high environmental resistance and rapid transmission. The present study aimed to provide an updated and integrative overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of CPV through a systematic qualitative review. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using major academic databases, including PubMed, SciELO, and Scopus, considering studies published between 2020 and 2026. A total of 312 articles were initially identified, of which 70 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for article review. The results confirmed the global circulation of multiple variants (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), including the presence of CPV-2b in Ecuador, as well as the persistence of the virus in diverse environments and its impact on susceptible populations such as puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months of age and susceptibility, and some breeds such as Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, and American Pit Bull Terriers. Molecular diagnostic techniques, particularly PCR and qPCR, remain the most reliable tools for early detection. Despite advances in supportive therapy and emerging antiviral approaches, vaccination continues to represent the most effective preventive strategy. Continuous surveillance and improvements in diagnostic and immunization strategies are essential to reduce the impact of CPV infections.
Keywords: Canine parvovirus, Genoma, Pathogenesis, Transmission

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933-Catfish AquacultureReview

Antimicrobial Resistance in Catfish Aquaculture in Indonesia: Antibiotic Use, Resistance Genes, and One Health Risks 

Agustina KK, Sukada IM, Pradnyadana IBK, Adnyana PAD, Sari NPDS, Saraswati NKH, and Suardana IBK.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1112-1122, 2026; pii:S232245682600102-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj102

ABSTRACT: Catfish (Clarias spp.) aquaculture plays a crucial role in food security and rural livelihoods in Indonesia. Inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU) can increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing risks to aquaculture, environmental health, and food safety. The present study aimed to review AMR associated with catfish aquaculture in Indonesia within a One Health framework. A review was carried out according to structured literature review guidelines. Relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2026 were found in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The searches employed specific combinations of keywords concerning catfish aquaculture, antimicrobial usage, antimicrobial resistance, and Indonesia. Data on AMU, resistant bacteria, antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic residues were extracted from the included studies and categorized into these four subjects descriptively. Findings across studies were compared to identify commonly reported antimicrobials, patterns of bacterial resistance, detected ARGs, and the occurrence of antibiotic residues. Due to differences in study designs, sampling methods, bacterial species, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, the findings were synthesized narratively rather than pooled statistically. The current findings indicated that oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin were the most commonly used antibiotics. Resistant bacteria, particularly Aeromonas hydrophila, frequently exhibited resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Other pathogens, including Edwardsiella tarda and Proteus spp., also demonstrated multidrug resistance to tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. The ARGs such as tetA, tetE, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, ampC, blaGES, and mexF were detected in bacterial isolates and aquaculture environments. Antibiotic residues, including fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline, were detected in aquatic environments and catfish products. Oxytetracycline residues ranging from 0.14 to 0.90 mg/kg were detected in catfish meat, with 25% of 59 samples exceeding the reported maximum residue limits. The current findings suggested that catfish aquaculture in Indonesia may contribute to the emergence and spread of AMR. The co-occurrence of antibiotic use, resistant bacteria, ARGs, and environmental contamination highlighted the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, and integrated disease management under a One Health approach.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Catfish aquaculture, Gene, One Health

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869-Production_Performance_Egg_Quality_and_Carotene_Content_in_laying_hensReview

Effects of Dried Tomato Pomace Dietary Supplementation on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Carotene Content in laying hens: A Narrative Review 

Gobezie E.

World Vet. J. 16(3): 1123-1132, 2026; pii:S232245682600103-16 

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2026.wvj103

ABSTRACT: Tomato pomace is a rich source of protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and carotenoids for layer hens. Adding a moderate level of dried tomato pomace to laying hen diets is considered safe and has no adverse effects on performance metrics such as egg production, feed intake, egg weight, or shell thickness. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nutritional supplementation with dried tomato pomace on the productivity, egg quality, and carotene content of laying hens. A narrative literature search was conducted using scientific databases, including Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. The search primarily focused on peer-reviewed studies published from 2019 to 2026. Relevant previous studies were included to provide important background and context for the current study. Although tomatoes are rich in nutrients, such as carotenoids, fiber, vitamins, and bioactive compounds, processing industries often discard tomato pomace as waste. Improper disposal of tomato waste also poses environmental issues. Due to its nutritional content, dried tomato pomace could serve as a dietary supplement for chickens, especially in laying hens, where dietary carotenoids can influence egg yolk coloration and nutritional quality. Dietary tomato pomace, a useful delivery system for improving human health, positively affected lycopene deposition in egg yolk. Dried tomato pomace can be added to laying hens' diets at up to 5-12% (50-120 g/kg feed) to improve egg yolk color and carotenoid content without adversely affecting laying hens’ productivity, while also lowering production costs and egg cholesterol content. Including dried tomato pomace at levels up to 12% (120 g/kg feed) can improve egg nutrition by increasing natural antioxidants such as lycopene and β-carotene, making it an economical and sustainable feed supplement for poultry.
Keywords: Carotene, Egg quality, Laying hen, Production performance, Tomato pomace

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