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Volume 14 (4); December 30, 2024
Research Paper
Bovine Respiratory Disease: Sero-Epidemiological Surveys in Unvaccinated Cattle in Morocco
Said A, Zahra LF, Imane C, Hassan O, Abdelmounim EG, and Ikhlass EB.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 476-489, 2024; pii:S232245682400055-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj55
ABSTRACT: Viral respiratory diseases are a major cause of severe clinical symptoms and substantial economic losses in cattle breeding. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological status of four respiratory viruses in cattle including Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus/Mucosal Disease Virus (BVDV/MDV), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis/Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis Virus (IBR/IPV), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (PI3). A total of 1,741 blood samples were collected from 242 unvaccinated herds. The animals comprised 1314 females and 427 males, aged between 6 months and 5 years. The herds included both pure breeds (Holstein or Montbéliarde breeds) and crossbreeds (local-Holstein or local-Montbéliarde), and were located in 89 rural communes of six regions of Morocco including Casablanca-Settat, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Marrakech-Safi, Béni Mellal-Khénifra, Fès-Meknès, and Oriental. The samples were analyzed using the I-ELISA technique. The results indicated seroprevalence rates of 56.1, 21.5, 86.4, and 85.4% for BVD/MD, IBR/IPV, BRSV, and Parainfluenza-3, respectively. Co-infections were observed in 88% of the infected cattle, and 95% of the cattle were infected with at least one of the four viruses. Seroprevalence rates varied significantly with age, sex, breed, breeding systems, and practices. These findings confirmed the endemic status of bovine respiratory viral diseases and highlighted their direct and indirect impacts on livestock losses in Morocco.
Keywords: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine viral diarrhea Virus/mucosal disease virus, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus, Parainfluenza-3 Virus, Serology
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Research Paper
Establishment of Mammary Tumors by Injection of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in Mammary Fat Pad of Rats
Sewoyo PS, Purwanti NLL, Munawaroh M, Kardena IM, and Astawa INM.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 490-497, 2024; pii:S232245682400056-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj56
ABSTRACT: Chemical-induced mammary cancer models are widely used to mimic human breast carcinogenesis, with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) being a commonly used agent. The oral administration of DMBA frequently results in the formation of tumors at random locations and carries significant risks, including high mortality rates and damage to various organs. To address these issues, this study employed a subcutaneous DMBA administration protocol to induce mammary cancer in rats. A total of twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 45-55 days weighing 112-130 g were divided into four groups, including the control group injected with 0.75 mL corn oil (D0), a single dose of DMBA at 80 mg/kg BW (D1), two doses with a one-week interval (D2), and three doses with one-week intervals (D3), all administered via subcutaneous in mammary fat pad. Control groups (D0) did not show any tumor growth. Mammary tumor incidence increased with dosage (D1 33.33%, D2 66.67%, and D3 100%). Histopathological examination revealed the presence of various mammary tumor types without evidence of metastasis in all induced rats. All tumors originated from the injection site, and only a single nodule was observed in each rat. There were no significant differences in tumor grades between the treatment groups, and no mortality was recorded during the study. The D3 group showed the highest tumor incidence over the three-month observation period. These findings suggest that subcutaneous DMBA administration effectively induces mammary cancer in rat models with controlled tumor localization and minimal systemic effects, making it a promising method for experimental breast cancer studies.
Keywords: 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, Animal model, Breast cancer, Mammary fat pad, Rat
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Research Paper
Differential mRNA Expression of Glucocorticoid Bioavailability Modulators and a Neurotrophic Factor in Three Organs Implicated in the Chicken Stress Response
Kadhim HJ.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 498-507, 2024; pii:S232245682400057-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj57
ABSTRACT: The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis remains active despite the elevated corticosterone (CORT) levels during immobilization stress (IMS). This indicates that the HPA axis activity is dependent not only on CORT concentrations but also on the availability of free active CORT that is unbound of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and is activated by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) enzyme. The study examined the CORT levels in the blood and the mRNA expression of both proopiomelanocortin gene in the anterior pituitary gland (APit) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the septohypothalamus during IMS. Additionally, the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 11β-HSD, and CBG were analyzed in the septohypothalamus, APit, and liver. The experiment included three male Cobb 500 chicken groups, a control group, and two treatment groups exposed to 60 or 120 minutes of IMS. Blood, brain, APit, and liver were collected at 35 days of age (N= 12 samples/group). CORT concentrations in blood were quantified using radioimmunoassay, while reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to measure mRNA levels of CBG, 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, and BDNF in the septohypothalamus, APit, and liver. The findings suggested that the IMS activated the HPA axis, as demonstrated by increased CORT levels and changes in proopiomelanocortin expression within the APit of stressed chickens compared to unstressed ones. The septohypothalamus of stressed chickens showed an increase in the CBG, BDNF, and 11β-HSD1 mRNA levels, whereas 11β-HSD2 and GRs expression remained stable compared to the control group. Although CBG and BDNF expression decreased from peak levels, their mRNA remained significantly elevated in the 120-minute group. In liver tissue, the treatment groups showed higher levels of 11β-HSD1 and CBG expression, but 11β-HSD2 expression decreased. Overall, CORT levels and the expression of GR and CORT modulators seemed to have a significant influence on the stress response. Notably, increased mRNA levels of CBG and 11β-HSD1 could improve the availability of free active CORT. Furthermore, a positive correlation between CORT levels and BDNF expression was demonstrated, highlighting the role of BDNF in neuronal protection during IMS. Additionally, the liver may contribute to stress regulation through the functions of CBG and 11β-HSD, which are vital for CORT activation and transport.
Keywords: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Corticosteroid binding globulin, Corticosterone, Immobilization stress
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Research Paper
Peripartum Ketone and its Relationship with Milk Quality in Dairy Cattle
Villar FA, Sánchez NM, Estremadoyro LG, Huamán RD, de la Cruz CA, Payano IU, Mauricio-Ramos Y, and Ninahuanca J.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 508-515, 2024; pii:S232245682400058-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj58
ABSTRACT: S Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in dairy cows and has been associated with alterations in milk composition and a decrease in milk quality, impacting both the economic and nutritional value of dairy products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ketone levels before and after calving and their effect on milk quality in cattle in the district of El Mantaro, Jauja in the Peruvian highlands. Multivariate analyses, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering, were employed to explain the variability in the data better. The study was conducted at the Instituto de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura (IVITA) and El Mantaro experimental stations cattle in the district of El Mantaro, Jauja, using a total of 72 Brown Swiss cattle, all of which received similar management. Blood and milk samples were collected from all cows studied and analyzed in the laboratory for ketone levels and milk quality such as density, non-fat solids, protein, freezing point, solids, and lactose. The descriptive analysis revealed significant variations in the evaluated variables, highlighting a reduction in ketone levels after calving and consistency in milk composition, such as non-fat solids and density. The PCA showed that the first two principal components explained 49.8% of the total variability, dominated by compositional variables, while subsequent components contributed smaller proportions, reaching 100% with 11 components. The reduction in ketone levels after calving suggested metabolic stabilization associated with energy recovery during this stage, while differences in compositional variables such as protein and non-fat solids reflected the influence of factors such as diet, genetics, and physiological status. Although ketones showed weak to moderate correlations with the evaluated variables, the negative relationships with body condition and non-fat solids indicated that better nutritional and metabolic status might be associated with lower ketone levels.
Keywords: Brown Swiss cattle, Correlation, Milk composition, Milk quality, Subclinical ketosis
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Research Paper
Effects of Anti-inhibin Free α Immunization on Ovulation, in Viro Fertilization, and Embryo Development in Mice
Aalilouch K, Sabeur K, El Berbri I, Kichou F, Elharrak M, Safini N, and Fihri OF.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 516-528, 2024; pii:S232245682400059-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj59
ABSTRACT: Inhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein comprised of two subunits, α and B. Immunization against dimeric inhibin is mainly used in assisted reproductive technology to induce superovulation. However, the specific function of immunoreactive-free inhibin α subunit remains unclear. In this study, two main investigations were conducted (first on ovulation and the other on fertilization) using a novel monoclonal antibody targeting free inhibin α subunit (Pro-αN-αC). The ovulation study was conducted in 6 replicates, involving a total of 48 female CD1 mice aged 4–6 weeks. In each replicate, 4 control mice received PMSG/hCG treatment, and 4 treated mice received PMSG/hCG with mAb- Free α subunit. The fertilization study was conducted in 3 replicates, involving a total of 22 female CD1 mice. In each replicate, there were 4, 3, and 4 mice respectively for both control and treatment groups. In both investigations, female mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 units/ml of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG), alone or combined with 400ug of mAb- Free α subunit, followed by an injection of 50 units/ml of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) 48 hours later. Seventeen hours post-injection, the females from all groups were sacrificed, and the ovulated oocytes were collected from the oviducts. For the fertilization study, in vitro fertilization was performed using fresh sperm from male CD1 mice. The results revealed that neutralization of the free inhibin α subunit significantly decreased the ovulation rate by 47.29% compared to the control group, while immunoneutralization significantly increased the fertilization rate by 55.68% and the blastocyst development by 43.85% compared to the control group. This study suggests that immunization against free inhibin α subunit decreases ovulation, in contrast to the effect of immunoneutralization of dimeric inhibin. The authors hypothesize that the free α subunit may function as an inhibin antagonist, competing with inhibin for binding to its co-receptor.
Keywords: Activin, Betaglycan, Fertilization, Immunoneutralization, Inhibin, Ovulation
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Research Paper
Effect of Artificial Insemination Timing on Conception Rate in Lactating Holstein-Friesian Cows
Syah HA, Yekti APA, Utami P, Isnaini N, and Susilawati T.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 529-535, 2024; pii:S232245682400060-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj60
ABSTRACT: Successful pregnancy in dairy cows requires accurate timing of artificial insemination (AI). Artificial insemination conducted in the morning, midday, and afternoon exposes cows to different environmental temperatures with high ambient temperatures can potentially reduce the viability of spermatozoa, thus disrupting the fertilization process and increasing the possibility risk of pregnancy failure. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain and determine how the effect of various AI timings (during the morning, midday, and afternoon) affected the pregnancy success of the pregnancies in Holstein-Friesian cows. The purposive sampling was used to select a total of 191 Holstein-Friesian cows based on the following specific criteria; cows showing symptoms of estrus, having healthy reproductive organs, having one parturition at least once, aged 2-6 years old, having body condition score of 2.5-3.5 (on a 1-5 scale). The cows were divided into 3 three treatment groups including T1 cows inseminated from 06.00 am to 10.59 am (n=38 cows), T2 cows inseminated from 11.00 am to 03.59 pm (n=82), and T3 cows inseminated from 04.00 pm to 08.59 pm (n=71). The non-return rate was monitored at 19-22 days post-insemination (NRR-1) and 39-42 days post-insemination (NRR-2) was monitored, while the conception rate (CR) was assessed on day 60 post-insemination. Artificial insemination was performed 8 hours after estrus. NRR-1 values for T1, T2, and T3 were 82%, 80%, and 89%, respectively, The NRR-2 values were 71% in T1, 66% in T2, and 79% in T3. The CR for T1, T2, and T3 were 50%, 48%, and 54%, respectively. Although AI timing did not yield conception rates based on AI timing did not show a significant difference in conception rates, artificial insemination performed in the morning insemination is recommended due to its higher likelihood of successful pregnancy compared to other times.
Keywords: Artificial insemination, Conception rate, Dairy cow, Insemination timing, Lactating dairy cows, Non-return rate
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Research Paper
Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections of Ruminants in Pastoral Communities of Ondo State, Nigeria
Ajakaye OG and Adejuyigbe A.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 536-543, 2024; pii:S232245682400061-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj61
ABSTRACT: Livestock are important for food production and agricultural systems; however, helminth infections are a major constraint on their productivity and value. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors for helminth infections in four pastoral communities in Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of 1,165 fecal samples from livestock in four pastoral rural/peri-urban communities (Akungba, Ikare, Oka, and Supare) in the Akoko area of Ondo State were screened for gastrointestinal parasitic infections via the sedimentation technique. The overall prevalence of parasitic infections was 67.7%, with sheep having the highest prevalence of infection (72.8%). The prevalence of parasitic infection was significantly associated with the breed of livestock. Important parasites of public health, including Fasciola species, Strongyloides species, Trichuris species, hookworms, Schistosoma species, Trichostrongylus species, and Fasciola species, which are the most common, were isolated in the current study. Two-thirds (75.5%) of the observed prevalence was due to infection with a single helminth species, whereas the remaining one-third (24.5%) comprised infections with two or three species of helminths. Among multiple infections, Fasciola species plus Strongyloides species coinfection had the highest prevalence (46%). The present findings suggest the need for regular epidemiological surveillance and treatment of infected ruminants with gastrointestinal helminths.
Keywords: Helminth, Infection, Livestock, Prevalence, Ruminant
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Research Paper
Effect of Hygiene on Milk Quality and Milking Factors of Small Andean Herds during the Rainy Season
Facundo GBA, Maquen JAR, Calderón NU, and Espinoza-Montes F.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 544-551, 2024; pii:S232245682400062-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj62
ABSTRACT: Dairy production in the Peruvian Andes is mainly based on small herds. However, there is little information on how hygiene affects milk quality during the rainy season. The study's objective was to evaluate the hygienic factors of milk and milking practices during the rainy season in small herds located at two high Andean altitudinal levels. The characteristics of the factors related to the milking process were recorded using an observation guide, and 108 raw milk samples were collected from 18 herds with Brown Swiss cows at two altitude levels. Samples were obtained from the milk collection containers and milk. The results showed that 56.5% of the samples analyzed were unhygienic, with no significant differences in bacterial counts between altitudinal levels. However, a strong correlation was identified between precipitation and the presence of coliforms (0.726) and mesophilic aerobes (0.861). Factors such as milking location, hand washing, and use of cleaning agents were associated with microbial contamination, acquiring odds ratios (OR) of 4.04, 5.26, and 4.71, respectively, during the months of heavy rain. The study concludes that the hygienic quality of milk in small high Andean herds significantly deteriorates during the rainy season, with counts of total coliform bacteria and mesophilic aerobes exceeding recommended levels, particularly during peak rainfalls. This finding highlights a direct relationship between the intensity of rainfall and the quality of milk, underscoring the need for improved milking practices in the rainy season to ensure the safety of the products.
Keywords: Andean ecosystem, Milk quality, Rainy season, Small farmer
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Research Paper
Antibacterial Effect of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L. Extracts against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Broiler Chickens
Merati R and Boudra A.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 552-558, 2024; pii:S232245682400063-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj63
ABSTRACT: Over the past decades, the incidence of avian colibacillosis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) has increased dramatically worldwide. The present in vitro study focused on evaluating the antibacterial properties of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L. extracts against multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from broiler chickens suffering from colibacillosis. The confirmation of E. coli isolates and their antibiotic resistance was performed using conventional methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of both extracts was assessed through the disk diffusion method, along with the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) via liquid macrodilution and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using solid media. The obtained results showed that the multidrug-resistant E. coli strains were extremely sensitive to garlic extract with a MIC of 41.5 mg / mL and CMB of 166 mg / mL and very sensitive to the combination of garlic and onion extracts. However, onion extract was ineffective against the resistant E. coli strains. The findings of the present study suggested the possibility of using garlic as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of colibacillosis caused by resistant E. coli strains.
Keywords: Allium cepa L., Allium sativum L., Broiler chicken, Colibacillosis, Escherichia coli, Multidrug-resistance
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Research Paper
Phenotypic Variability of Native Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Lines Associated with Productive and Reproductive Variables in the Traditional Production Systems of the Pastos Indigenous Reserve
Rosero J, Rosero-Alpala MG, Rosero D, Rosero A, and Tapie WA.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 559-571, 2024; pii:S232245682400064-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj64
ABSTRACT: Genetic improvement seeks to meet human needs, resulting in a loss of genetic variability, affecting indigenous communities' biodiversity and food sovereignty. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phenotypic variability of native guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) lines associated with productive and reproductive variables in the traditional production systems of the Pastos Indigenous Reserve in the Department of Nariño, southwestern Colombia. A total of 2007 guinea pigs older than 3 months were divided into 2 batches. 1934 individuals (batch 1) were randomly selected for phenotypic characterization, including hair length, leg size, body size, and behavior. Seventy-three individuals (batch 2) were used to evaluate productive and reproductive variables, and the lines with the highest similarity were clustered using the UPGMA method. In addition, ethnoveterinary information obtained through interviews within the production systems was described. As a result, nine traditionally known phenotypes were described including Shinhuzo, Pelochon, Zambo, Guarico, Chocolate, Peruvian, Coral, Piño, and Moro. The lines were clustered into 4 groups, highlighted by lines with high production and reproductive potential (group 1), lines with low progeny mortality (group 2), a line with low reproductive potential (group 3) a line that presented a unique coat and high productive potential as Group 1 (Group 4). As a result, local knowledge was shown to be crucial for the conservation of native guinea pig lines, as it includes traditional feeding techniques and disease treatment. The native lines Shinhuzo and Coral, with morphological differences between them, showed the potential to reach productive and reproductive parameters similar to the improved Peruvian line, according to the UPGMA dendrogram. However, a detailed analysis of the specific nutritional requirements of each guinea pig line is necessary to improve the traditional breeding of guinea pigs, enhancing the production of all native lines already adapted to the indigenous territory, maintaining the important genetic variability that, in the context of climate change, is relevant to promoting research on sustainable production strategies using resilient native species adapted to local conditions for the future exploration of differentiated markets.
Keywords: Animal conservation, Ethno-veterinary, Genetic variability, Traditional knowledge
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Research Paper
Radiological Evaluation of Regenerative Growth Plate Defect Treated with Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane in Rabbits
Abd-Alkhaleq SH and Hussein AK.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 572-583, 2024; pii:S232245682400065-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj65
ABSTRACT: Bony bar formation after growth plate injuries leads to shortening and angulation of the long bone, which is considered one of the most critical sequelae affecting animals’ and humans’ lives in adulthood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate radiographically the role of using an autologous platelet-rich fibrin membrane in regenerating growth plate defects to prevent the formation of bony bars. A total of 20 kit rabbits, aged between 6-12 weeks and weighing 500-1100 g, were included in the current study. They were experimentally exposed to approximately 551 mm growth plate defects, which were filled with an autologous platelet-rich fibrin membrane previously prepared at the time of the surgery. A radiological follow-up was conducted weekly at the first, second, third, fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks post-surgery to examine the growth plate defect area. The tibial length and angulation were measured during this period of the study and compared to the contralateral limb of the same animal. The radiological results showed no bony bar formation in most cases and the presence of the growth plate up to the end of the study (week 8 post-surgery) in the injured area. In addition, no significant differences were identified in the tibial length and angulation of the affected limb in comparison to the contralateral limb of the same animal throughout the study. In conclusion, treating serious growth plate injuries by PRF membrane may prevent angular deformity and length discrepancy in limbs.
Keywords: Angulation, Bony bar, Growth plate, Platelet-rich fibrin membrane, Shortening
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Research Paper
The Toxicity Assessment of Chicken Liver-Based Drug Filler Supplemented with Itraconazole
Pringgodigdoyo PT, Manalu W, Andriyanto, Mustika AA, and Sutardi LN.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 584-591, 2024; pii:S232245682400066-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj66
ABSTRACT: Itraconazole is a systemic antifungal often used for fungal infection treatment in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of chicken liver paste as a drug filler through an acute toxicity test when supplemented with itraconazole. A total of 25 female mice were used and divided into five groups, each consisting of five mice. The control group received chicken liver paste without any itraconazole supplementation. In contrast, the treatment groups were administered chicken liver paste supplemented with itraconazole at 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg body weight dosages. Observations were conducted for two weeks. The evaluated parameters included abnormal clinical signs, mortality, body temperature, weight gain, and hematology profile. During the 14 days of observation, no mortality or abnormal clinical signs were observed. Other parameters such as body temperature and weight increase showed no significant difference. Hematology profile including red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), red cell distribution width (RDW), thrombocyte (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes remained within the standard ranges and showed no significant difference. The present study indicated that chicken liver paste supplemented with itraconazole falls into the practically nontoxic category with an estimated LD50 value exceeding 20 g/kg body weight.
Keywords: Chicken, Hematology, Itraconazole, LD50, Liver, Mice
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Research Paper
Incidence and Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Beef Cattle of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Ninditya VI, Ekawasti F, Prastowo J, Widiyono I, and Nurcahyo W.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 592-599, 2024; pii:S232245682400067-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj67
ABSTRACT: Toxocara vitulorum (T. vitulorum), an Ascarid nematode, infects the small intestine of cattle and buffalo, particularly in newborn calves. The present study aimed to identify the occurrence of T. vitulorum collected from cattle in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and to examine the surface structure of its eggs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The present study did not observe asymptomatic clinical signs of toxocariasis, including diarrhoea and weight loss. Fecal samples were collected from 247 cattle of various breeds, consisting of 65 males and 182 females across three regions including Bantul (78 cattle), Sleman (63 cattle), and Kulon Progo (106 cattle). Qualitative and quantitative methods, including flotation and modified McMaster methods, were respectively employed to analyze nematode egg counts. SEM was utilized to characterize the surface morphology of T. vitulorum nematodes. A total of 9 cattle were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces (3.64%). The average fecal egg count was 2.861 eggs per gram (EPG), with positive cases observed exclusively in female cattle. The risk factors influencing toxocariasis in this study were breeds and frequency of cleaning the stall. A higher odd ratio of T. vitulorum infection was found in mixed Ongole breeds than in Limousin or Simmental breeds. Moreover, cattle housed in rarely cleaned stalls showed a higher odd ratio than those in regularly cleaned ones. Factors such as age, fecal consistency, and population density factor showed no significant association with toxocariasis. The SEM analysis of T. vitulorum eggs revealed an oval shape with distinct surface ornamentations, including interlocking ridges and depressions. The cage cleanliness and cattle breed were the most common risk factors associated with infected cattle.
Keywords: Ascarid, Cattle, Prevalence, Risk factor, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Toxocariasis
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Research Paper
Physiological and Productive Responses to Dietary Supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris in Growing Rabbits
Ashour G, Barakat SA, Abd El-Azeem NM, Abdel Mageed EM, Younan GE, El-Sayed HGM, Morsy SH, and Abdel-Rahman SM.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 600-610, 2024; pii:S232245682400068-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj68
ABSTRACT: Chlorella vulgaris (CV) acts as an immuno-modulator and growth enhancer, however, studies were concerned about its impact on growing rabbits. The present study was undertaken to evaluate CV addition on physiological responses and productive performance (feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight, mortality rate, and other parameters) of APRI rabbits. A total of 45 growing rabbits at their weaning age with an initial body weight of 574.8 ±11.79g were investigated. The rabbits were divided into three equal groups; the first group (G1) received a basal diet without any additions. While, the other two groups, G2 and G3 received basal diets that contained 0.5g and 1.0g CV/kg diets. The results revealed the positive impact of CV on immunity (IgA, IgM, and IgG) status, especially IgG, which was significantly higher in G3 than in G1. No negative effects of CV on kidney and liver functions, since the lowest levels of creatinine, blood urea, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were recorded in G3 compared with G1. Throughout the experimental period (8 weeks), G3 was the best group in feed intake with the lowest feed conversion ratio reflected on achieving the highest body weight compared to other experimental groups. No mortality cases were recorded in G3, while, G1 and G2 almost showed the same mortality rate (%). The histopathological examination of rabbits' intestines indicated that a less inflammation presence of rabbit intestinal cells has been noticed in G3 compared to G1 and G2. Therefore, it could be concluded that using CV at a level of 1.0 g/ kg in diet is the best level that can be used as a natural feed additive. This contributes to the health of growing rabbits by protecting their intestines against inflammation, lowering the mortality rate, and ultimately improving their overall productivity.
Keywords: APRI rabbit, Chlorella vulgaris, Intestinal histopathology, Physiological responses, Productive performance
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Research Paper
Effects of Ethanolic Extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica on Haemonchus contortus in Goats
Buyi L, Owoyesigire BB, Idibu J, Odoch T, and Owere L.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 611-616, 2024; pii:S232245682400069-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj69
ABSTRACT: Infestation of gastrointestinal worms (helminths) contributes significantly to neonatal mortality and reduced growth performance in livestock animals. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemical composition and the in vitro potency of ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica on motility inhibition on Haemonchus contortus. Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica were obtained from farmers in Bulambuli district of Uganda and were treated with 70% ethanol as an extraction solvent. A standard phytochemical procedure was used for qualitative analysis. The in-vitro experiment was conducted using 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 10 mg/ml, and 20 mg/ml for each plant ethanolic extract. Moreover, phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was utilized as the control. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloid salts, saponins, flavonoids, steroid glycosides, anthracenosides, coumarins, and anthocyanosides in ethanolic extracts. A dosage of 20 mg/l of Tithonia diversifolia and Azadirachta indica indicated motility inhibition of adult Haemonchus contortus after 2.55 hours and 2.1 hours, respectively, compared to the PBS control group. In conclusion, both plant extracts showed anthelmintic activity leading to the mortality of the worms. The ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica were faster in causing mortality of Haemonchus contortus than those of Tithonia diversifolia at the same dose rate of 20 mg/ml.
Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Haemonchus contortus, Plant extract, Tithonia diversifolia, Wormicide
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Research Paper
Influence of Different Water Environments on the Differential Leukocyte Counts in Nile Tilapia
Adam Sulieman HM and Habeeb TH.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 617-625, 2024; pii:S232245682400070-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj70
ABSTRACT: Aquaculture production has become increasingly important for ensuring food security, supported by the expanding variety of cultivated species. This study evaluated the effects of different water environment characteristics on the differential leukocyte counts of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a key farmed fish species in Africa. Fish from four different water sources were compared with healthy individuals from the natural water of the Nile River. A total of 64 Nile tilapia, each weighing 80–100 grams, were evenly divided into four groups and maintained at temperatures ranging from 25.00± 2.5°C to 30.00 ± 2.5°C. The groups included fish from experimental tanks (ET), ponds managed by the General Administration of Fisheries Ponds (GAFP), the Fisheries Research Center Ponds (FRCP), and the White Nile River (WNR, control). Significant differences in water quality parameters, particularly NH₄, NH₃, NO₃, and NO₂ concentrations, were observed among the water sources. GAFP and ET waters showed higher concentrations of these compounds (NH₄, NH₃, NO₃, and NO₂) compared to FRCP and WNR. Differential leukocyte counts varied significantly across the groups. The ET group showed the highest eosinophil percentage (9.68 ± 0.44%), while the GAFP group exhibited the highest percentages of lymphocytes (46.40 ± 0.13%), monocytes (15.43 ± 0.14%), and neutrophils (18.31 ± 0.16%) compared to WNR. In contrast, the FRCP group recorded the highest platelet percentage (32.34 ± 0.49%), while the ET group had the lowest (13.65 ± 0.15%). Additionally, the ET group recorded the highest overall white blood cell count (191.46 ± 0.61 × 10³). A strong positive correlation was found between the blood profiles of Nile tilapia and the water environment parameters. This study highlighted significant differences in water quality among experimental groups, with FRCP and WNR showing lower parameters. In addition, examining white blood cells in fish is crucial for biological monitoring of surface water pollution.
Keywords: Differential leukocyte count, Nile tilapia, Water quality deterioration
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Research Paper
Incidence of Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome in Broiler Chickens Caused by a New Fowl Adenovirus Strain in Iraq
Oraibi MI, Khaleel MH, and Al-Baldawi AAA.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 626-636, 2024; pii:S232245682400071-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj71
ABSTRACT: Hepatitis Hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is an acute infectious disease affecting broiler chickens. It is caused by a fowl adenovirus (FAdV) of Group I, serotype 4. This disease is characterized by sudden deaths in broilers as young as three weeks, with mortality rates reaching up to 65%. The current study aimed to evaluate the outbreak of HHS in three broiler farms in southern Iraq. It also sought to identify the specific serotypes of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) responsible for this outbreak, primarily focusing on its genetic characteristics and diversity. Ten liver and heart tissue samples were collected from broiler chickens (Ross 308) that had displayed clinical signs of depression, ruffled feathers, and a tendency to huddle in corners before death. Viral DNA was extracted from liver tissues for further virus detection using PCR and RT-PCR. A post-mortem examination showed a turmeric-yellow discoloration in the dividing lines between the pectoral muscles and the abdominal cavity. The livers of infected chickens were markedly enlarged, and clear, yellow-colored fluid was observed in the pericardial sac. Histopathological analysis of stained liver and heart tissues revealed small multifocal areas of necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration, including basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and lymphocytic infiltrates. Conventional PCR analysis of liver tissues confirmed the presence of FAdV serotype 4, identifying all samples as the Melad strain, a novel strain responsible for the ongoing epidemic in Iraq. This study confirmed the presence of FAdV serotype 4 and identified all samples as the Melad strain. This research also addresses the need to investigate FAdV with molecular techniques for a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease.
Keywords: Fowl adenovirus, Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome, Melad strain serotype 4.
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Research Paper
Sebaceous Adenitis in an Akita: Symptoms and Therapeutic Approaches
Zhelavskyi M, Maryniuk M, and Drobot M.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 637-644, 2024; pii:S232245682400072-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj72
ABSTRACT: Sebaceous adenitis is observed in different animal species, with dogs being the most commonly diagnosed. This study aimed to report a case of sebaceous adenitis in a 5-year-old male Akita dog weighing 35.8 kg, initially presented with pruritus and alopecia on the inner ear surfaces, face, and head. Over time, signs of changes in sebaceous glands appeared in other body parts. The dog was sent to a veterinary clinic in Kamyanets-Podilsky, Ukraine. During the clinical examination, the body temperature was 38.4°C, heart rate 78 bpm, and a respiratory rate 27 breaths per minute, with no change in appetite. Clinical and dermatological methods and histopathological examination were used to detect the disease. The hair on the head was curling, and the lesions appeared on the dorsal tail, the distal front and hind legs, the groin, and the abdomen. Initially, redness and itching occurred in the affected areas, and the skin lost elasticity and became dry. The hair was stuck together with gray crusts. The diagnosis was confirmed based on pathohistological studies. An inflammatory infiltrate with migration of lymphocytes, histiocytes, neutrophils, and atrophy of sebaceous glands was diagnosed, focusing on the pathology of the dermis. Treatment included topical therapy with shampoo applied for 3-5 minutes, then rinsed and followed by Conditioner for 2 minutes, over 30 days. Omega-3 was administered orally at 1000 mg twice daily. Isotretinoin (Roaccutane®, 20 mg) was administered orally twice daily for 30 days. Moreover, Cyclosporine was dosed at 5 mg/kg once daily orally, on an empty stomach, for 30 days. During the treatment, signs of inflammation gradually disappeared, with itching and hyperemia disappearing from day 3. From day 7, desquamation and hair loss decreased, and on day 12, signs of new hair growth appeared. The areas were completely restored on day 28 of treatment. Sebaceous adenitis was found to lead to the destruction of sebaceous glands, causing scaling, hair loss, and skin inflammation, which could be a hereditary condition in Akitas. Immunomodulation and normalization of trophic processes in the skin are crucial in the treatment.
Keywords: Akita, Diagnosis, Dog, Sebaceous Adenitis, Treatment
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Research Paper
An Overview of Cyanide Poisoning in Humans and Animals
Kulnides N, Lorsirigool A, Saenkaew K, Santichat N, Tawinwang K, Thumrin P, Sonti P, Phiphittaphan C, Kullaya A, Sophaporn T, and Fongtanakit R.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 645-651, 2024; pii:S232245682400073-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj73
ABSTRACT: Cyanide poisoning poses a significant global health risk, affecting both humans and animals due to its rapid and often fatal effects. Cyanide compounds, such as hydrogen cyanide, potassium cyanide, and cyanogenic glycosides found in certain plants, interfere with cellular respiration by blocking cytochrome oxidase, causing cytotoxic hypoxia and organ failure. Human exposure to cyanide is primarily linked to industrial activities such as mining and electroplating, as well as smoke inhalation during fires. Symptoms of poisoning include respiratory distress, dizziness, and, in severe cases, cardiac arrest and death if left untreated. In animals, particularly livestock, poisoning often results from consuming cyanogenic plants such as sorghum and specific grasses. Different species have varying susceptibility to cyanide, with cattle showing signs such as respiratory distress, seizures, and death after ingesting these plants. Detection methods for cyanide, including spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, and ion-selective electrodes, which analyze cyanide levels in blood, urine, or tissues. Treatment generally involves the administration of antidotes, such as hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate, and sodium nitrite, which neutralize cyanide in the body. The current study aimed to highlight the importance of stringent regulatory measures on cyanide usage in industrial and agricultural contexts to prevent accidental poisoning. Environmental monitoring and processing of safe food are vital to reduce the incidence of cyanide poisoning in both humans and animals.
Keywords: Animal, Antidote, Cyanide, Human, Law, Poisoning
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Research Paper
Contribution of Cytochrome P450s to Development of Insecticide Resistance in Musca domestica L.: A Review
Krestonoshina K and Melnichuk A.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 652-658, 2024; pii:S232245682400074-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj74
ABSTRACT: Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) is recognized as one of the most prevalent fly species globally, playing a significant role in the transmission of infections and pathogens that are important in both veterinary and medical contexts. This includes the dissemination of eggs from intestinal helminths, as well as ectoparasites, endoparasites, and protozoan cysts. Several approaches to combating insect pests include biological, physical, chemical, and agrotechnical methods. Chemical methods remain the main strategy for controlling the population of insect pests; however, excessive use, increased dosages, and frequency of treatments have led to the development of resistance. To date, numerous documented cases of resistance to insecticides have been registered in natural populations. A significant mechanism for resistance development is the detoxification of xenobiotics by enzymes of the cytochrome system. This study aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the role of P450 monooxygenase in developing insecticide resistance in houseflies. This overview focuses on the diversity of Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in Musca domestica that contribute to resistance against the most popular classes of insecticides and their location in the genome. Throughout this work, the main P450 candidate genes associated with insecticide resistance were identified and described. The authors also summarized and systematized recent research results in this area.
Keywords: Gene expression, Housefly, Insecticide, Insecticidal resistance, Monooxygenase, Сytochromes P450
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Research Paper
Pathological and Economic Effects of Bovine Skin Tumors on Cattle Production in Ethiopia: A Review
Getnet MA and Berihun AM.
World Vet. J. 14(4): 659-679, 2024; pii:S232245682400075-14
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj75
ABSTRACT: A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that exceeds normal boundaries, resulting from uncoordinated and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Tumors can affect various parts of cattle animals, including the skin, bones, glands, and visceral organs. The present study aimed to explore the pathology of bovine skin tumors and their health and economic impacts on cattle. Skin tumors are the most frequently diagnosed neoplastic disorders in bovine species. The most common skin tumors in bovine include bovine papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, and bovine lymphosarcoma. These tumors pose significant health challenges and have a negative economic impact on cattle production and its byproducts. Clinical features of skin tumors often include hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, elongated rete pegs, large nodular structures, exophytic and cauliflower-like lesions, and friable lesions. Melanomas, another type of proliferative skin tumor, are characterized by spindle to round cell shapes containing abundant black pigment. More than 90% of skin tumors are linked to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Diagnosing a skin tumor in cattle typically involves skin biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology. Histologically, skin tumor cells exhibit an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, and a discohesive arrangement of cells. In addition to their health implications, skin tumors in cattle result in significant economic losses due to reduced productivity, decreased reproduction rates, carcass condemnation, and the downgrading of skins and hides. Common treatment options for skin tumors include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical removal. Given that skin tumors are an economically significant disease in Ethiopia, they require increased attention from researchers and the centers for control and prevention. Early diagnosis and effective management of these tumors are crucial issues that must be addressed.
Keywords: Bovine, Cattle, Diagnosis, Skin tumor, Tumor
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