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Volume 15 (1); March, 2025
Research Paper
Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Gambir with Potential Probiotic Properties
Khanh VK, Syukur S, and Purwati E.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 1-8, 2025; pii:S232245682500001-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj1
ABSTRACT: Gambir is commonly used as a key ingredient in betel quid and is one of Indonesia's major agricultural commodities. West Sumatra is the primary production region, contributing approximately 80-90% of the country's total gambir production. This study aimed to investigate the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from gambir, assessing their potential probiotic qualities using biochemical and molecular approaches. Biochemical characterization included catalase activity testing and fermentation pattern analysis, while molecular identification was carried out through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The results revealed that the isolated LAB strains were Gram-positive, bacilli-shaped, catalase-negative, and exhibited hetero-fermentative behavior. Further biochemical analysis confirmed their ability to ferment a variety of sugars but not produce gas from glucose. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis showed that the bacterial isolate from gambir, labeled with the sample code GM2, was closely related to Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, a species recognized for its probiotic potential. The isolates showed antimicrobial activity against common foodborne pathogens like Salmonella spp. and other pathogens, suggesting their potential use in food preservation. The present study also demonstrated the LAB isolates’ tolerance to low pH and bile salts, which are key attributes for probiotic candidates. Thus, the findings of the current study suggest that LAB from gambir possess promising characteristics for application in probiotic products and as biocontrol agents in food safety.
Keywords: 16s rRNA, Gambir, Lactic acid bacteria, Probiotic
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Research Paper
Synergistic Effects of Phenanthroindolizidine Alkaloids from Tylophora indica Against Ascaridia galli: Phytochemical Characterization and In vitro Evaluation
Yadagiri K and Neeraja B.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 9-22, 2025; pii:S232245682500002-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj2
ABSTRACT: The increasing resistance of helminths such as Ascaridia galli to conventional anthelmintics has necessitated the search for alternative treatments from natural sources. This study aimed to assess the anthelmintic properties of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids derived from Tylophora indica leaves, a plant renowned for its medicinal value, including its traditional use in treating respiratory disorders, inflammation, and various infections. The leaves were subjected to sequential extraction with chloroform, ethanol, and water, which produced yields of 7.2%, 17.8%, and 11.2%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the ethanol extract was rich in bioactive compounds, including significant amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis confirmed the ethanol extract's superiority, displaying the highest contents of phenolics (7.51 ± 0.62 mg/g), flavonoids (9.34 ± 1.63 mg/g), and alkaloids (17.65 ± 1.69 mg/g), underscoring its potential for various therapeutic applications. Further fractionation and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) purification isolated key phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, including Tylophorinidine, Tylophorine, Septicine, Tylophorinol, and Antofine. Structural characterization via Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) validated these compounds. In vitro assays demonstrated significant dose-dependent anthelmintic activity against Ascaridia galli worms. Ethanol extracts exhibited the highest mortality rates, achieving 100% mortality within 24 hours at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The mixture of all five alkaloids at 500 µg/mL showed a synergistic effect, leading to rapid and complete anthelmintic action. The egg embryonation assay further highlighted the efficacy of these alkaloids. The egg embryonation assay further demonstrated the potent efficacy of these alkaloids, with the mixture at 500 µg/mL inhibiting 92.67% of egg development, surpassing the positive control, i.e. piperazine citrate, which showed 87.25% inhibition. Among individual alkaloids, Tylophorinidine exhibited the highest inhibition of egg embryonation (80.76%), followed by Antofine (78.42%). These findings demonstrated the potent anthelmintic properties of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids from Tylophora indica, particularly when used in combination (Tylophorinidine, Tylophorine, Septicine, Tylophorinol, and Antofine), compared to their individual effects. The study underscores the potential of these compounds as effective treatments for helminth infections and highlights the importance of further research to isolate specific mechanisms and optimize their therapeutic efficacy.
Keywords: Anthelmintic activity, Ascaridia galli, Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids, Phytochemical analysis, Tylophora indica
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Research Paper
Effects of Post-Therapy Changes on the Level of Immunoglobulin M in Dogs with Dermatitis
Pusparini NPDP, Suwiti NK, Suardana IBK, and Besung INK.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 23-30, 2025; pii:S232245682500003-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj3
ABSTRACT: Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, hair loss, lesions, and redness. Various agents can cause dermatitis, including Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, and Microsporum canis. Animals experiencing dermatitis undergo internal changes in their bodies, particularly in the immune system. The presence of an infection is usually preceded by the appearance of Immunoglobulin M (IgM). This study aimed to determine the differences in IgM levels in dogs with dermatitis before therapy (pre-therapy) and after therapy (post-therapy), as well as the differences in IgM levels between dogs with mild and severe dermatitis. The study involved 40 local dogs, divided into two groups, including 20 dogs with mild dermatitis and 20 dogs with severe dermatitis. Serum sampling was conducted in two phases: the first phase was pre-therapy, and the second phase was 14 days after therapy (post-therapy). The therapy administered to dogs with mild dermatitis consisted of diphenhydramine HCl and ivermectin, while the therapy for dogs with severe dermatitis included diphenhydramine HCl, ivermectin, amoxicillin, and dexamethasone. Serum samples from the dogs were then tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay method. The results of the study revealed that serum IgM levels in dogs with mild and severe dermatitis did not show any significant difference. In dogs with mild dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were not statistically different compared to those after therapy. However, in dogs with severe dermatitis, serum IgM levels before therapy were significantly higher compared to after therapy. The results of this study indicate that therapy can impact serum IgM levels in dogs with severe dermatitis, while it does not significantly affect these levels in cases of mild dermatitis.
Keywords: Dermatitis, Dog, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Immunoglobulin M, Ivermectin, Therapy
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Research Paper
Canine Mast Cell Tumors: Clinical Signs, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis
Zhelavskyi M, Kernychnyi S, Zakharova T, Betlinska T, and Luchkа M.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 31-41, 2025; pii:S232245682500004-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj4
ABSTRACT: Canine mast cell tumors, a tumor originating from mast cells involved in allergic reactions and inflammation, are among the most common skin tumors in dogs. The present study aimed to explore the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and prognosis of canine mastocytomas through a case study. A 5-year-old male Akita, weighing 35.8 kg, was brought to the Doctor VET veterinary clinic in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine, for evaluation. Upon initial examination, the dog had a body temperature of 38.5°C, a heart rate of 74 beats per minute (bpm), and a respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute, all of which were within normal physiological limits. The animal was alert and responsive and displayed no signs of systemic distress. A detailed physical examination revealed a tumor located 35.2 mm below the plantar surface of the tarsal joint (art. tarsi). The tumor was round, mobile, and surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule, with no signs of pain or discomfort during palpation. Cytological analysis showed a high-cellularity smear with numerous mast cells scattered throughout the field. These cells were round to oval in shape with abundant cytoplasm containing dense, basophilic to metachromatic granules. The hematological evaluation indicated a systemic inflammatory or immune response triggered by the tumor, as evidenced by neutrophilic leukocytosis (73.1%; 8.89×10⁹/L). Biochemical analysis revealed an elevated alkaline phosphatase activity level (4.45 μmol/L), suggesting systemic involvement. The tumor was surgically excised, ensuring complete removal with wide margins to minimize the risk of recurrence. Histological examination of the excised tissues confirmed a densely cellular neoplastic infiltrate composed predominantly of mast cells arranged in sheets and clusters. The mast cells displayed significant cellular and nuclear pleomorphism, characterized by moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. While no significant necrosis was observed, scattered apoptotic bodies were present, indicating ongoing cellular turnover. This case highlighted the critical importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive management of canine mastocytomas. Low-grade tumors often carry a favorable prognosis when treated promptly and appropriately. However, higher-grade or poorly differentiated tumors may require multimodal therapeutic approaches to achieve better outcomes.
Keywords: Canine, Diagnosis, Mast cell tumor, Mastocytoma, Skin tumor
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Research Paper
Effects of Sulpiride on the Reproductive System of Male Rats after Puberty
Abd AA, Al-Juhaishi OA, and Jumma QS.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 42-48, 2025; pii:S232245682500005-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj5
ABSTRACT: Sulpiride is an antipsychotic drug commonly used in humans to mitigate the effects of stress by selectively targeting central dopaminergic receptors. During male rat puberty, neurotransmitter systems, including the dopaminergic system, undergo significant development, playing a crucial role in the release of gonadal hormones and the regulation of reproductive function. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sulpiride on reproduction parameters in adult male rats. This study used 30 adult male rats with an average body weight of 250-300g and an average age of 90-95 days. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of 10 each. Group 1 (G1) received 10 mg/kg sulpiride, Group 2 (G2) received 25 mg/kg sulpiride, and the control group (G3) received normal saline, all administered via gavage. This study evaluated hematological (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and Follicle-stimulating hormone) and histopathological parameters (spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules, and total sperm count). The histopathology result of the testes from treated rats revealed significant histological changes. In G1, the seminiferous tubules exhibited destruction, with disrupted spermatogenesis and reduced numbers of sperm in the lumen. These changes were more pronounced in G2, which received the higher dose of sulpiride (25 mg/kg). In contrast, the control group (G3) displayed normal histological structures and spermatogenesis. Hormonal analysis showed a significant decrease in testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in G2 compared to G1 and G3. The hematological results for blood serum showed that the concentration of the hormone prolactin was also significantly increased in G2 treated with 25 mg/kg sulpiride as compared with G1 and G3; the concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels did not differ significantly across groups. Sperm motility and concentration were significantly reduced in G2 compared to G1 and G3, accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of abnormal and dead sperm. Histological findings further confirmed severe destruction of the seminiferous tubules in G2 compared to G1 and the control group. In conclusion, administering sulpiride at concentrations of 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg in adult male rats caused significant structural and functional defects in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
Keywords: Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Male rat, Prolactin, Sulpiride, Testosterone
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Research Paper
Assessing the Population Structure and Inbreeding Rates of Buffaloes in Batanghari District, Indonesia
Hendrawan PA, Wijaya SH, Sumantri C, and Jakaria.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 49-55, 2025; pii:S232245682500006-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2024.wvj6
ABSTRACT: Buffaloes are important in animal husbandry, agriculture, and sociocultural and religious activities in Indonesia. The buffalo population has decreased at the national and regional levels, including in the Batanghari District, Jambi Province, Indonesia. This study analyzed the population structure, effective population size, and inbreeding rate of buffalo populations in the Batanghari District, Jambi, Indonesia, based on secondary data. The data population of 3,149 buffaloes used in this study was sourced from the Integrated National Animal Health System (ISIKHNAS) in the Batanghari District in 2023. The results showed a calf crop of 21.71%, a calving rate of 16.61%, a natural increase of 14.74%, and a net replacement rate of 279.51%. The effective population size was 592 heads, and the inbreeding rate was 0.08%. It can be concluded that the natural increase rate of the buffalo population in the Batanghari District was low, but the number of young replacement animals was sufficient. The effective population size was 592 heads, and the level of inbreeding per generation remained within acceptable limits. Although the buffalo population in the Batanghari District exhibited a negative trend, it still had potential as a source of breeding stock, as indicated by the replacement rate.
Keywords: Buffalo, Effective population, Inbreeding rate, Population structure
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Research Paper
Leukocyte Subpopulations in the Peripheral Blood of the Omani Camel Breed
AL-Musallam FA and Hussen J.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 56-63, 2025; pii:S232245682500007-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj7
ABSTRACT: Breed-specific variations in immune responses have been studied across various species and breeds. The identification of camel breeds with high immune competence can enhance the breeding of camels with superior immune responsiveness. To date, no study has examined the immune cell composition in the blood of the Omani camel breed. The present study aimed to analyze the immunophenotype of blood leukocytes in the Omani camel breed and investigate the impact of age and gender on the tested immune parameters. To do so, blood samples were collected from 32 clinically healthy camels, randomly selected and comprising 17 camel calves (8 males and 9 females) and 15 adult camels (4 males and 11 females). The samples were tested using flow cytometry and membrane immune fluorescence. The results of the present study revealed a significantly lower count of white blood cells (WBC) in the Omani camel breed than the reference ranges reported for dromedary camels in the published literature. The leukogram was characterized by the dominance of neutrophils (54-60 %) in the blood, followed by lymphocytes (23-33 %). When compared to adult camels, the leukogram pattern in young Omani camels was characterized by elevated WBC and lymphocytes but low levels of eosinophilic granulocytes. The analysis of lymphocyte subsets revealed the dominance of gd T cells over helper T cells and B cells in the blood of young camel calves, confirming that camels belong to the gd T cell-rich species. In addition, lower numbers of B cells and helper T cells in young camels suggest lower cell-mediated and humoral immune functionality compared to adults. Although some differences were identified between male and female adult camels, these results are limited by the low numbers of male camels within the adult group. In conclusion, the distinct leukogram patterns observed in young and adult camels highlight the significant impact of age on the immune competence of Omani camels.
Keywords: Camel, Omani camel, Immunophenotype, Leukocyte
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Research Paper
Detection of the Zygote arrest 1 Gene in Oocytes, Zygotes, and Embryos of Pesisir Cattle with the Addition of IGF-1 within the In Vitro Maturation Media
Pertiwi SL, Afriyani T, and Jaswandi.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 64-71, 2025; pii:S232245682500008-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj8
ABSTRACT: Zygote arrest 1 (ZAR 1) is a maternal gene that plays a crucial role in the oocyte-to-embryo transition. The present study aimed to investigate the presence or absence of the ZAR 1 gene in oocytes, zygotes, and embryos of Pesisir Cattle. Ovaries were collected from cattle at slaughterhouses, and oocytes were retrieved at the Biotechnology Laboratory. The collected oocytes were matured in a maturation medium supplemented with Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) at a concentration of 10 µg/ml or without IGF-1 for 24 hours in a CO₂ incubator maintained at 38.5°C. Following maturation, the oocytes were fertilized for 18 hours, and the resulting embryos were cultured for 48 hours in a CO₂ incubator at 38.5°C. The samples were then subjected to PCR analysis. The amplification results revealed the presence of the ZAR 1 gene band at the target size of 228 bp in oocytes matured with and without IGF-1. A comparative analysis of oocytes and embryos showed differences in the gene bands, particularly in samples supplemented with IGF-1. These findings suggest that IGF-1 supplementation during oocyte maturation significantly influences ZAR 1 gene expression in embryos. The observed variations in ZAR 1 gene expression across the oocyte, zygote, and embryo stages highlight the gene's pivotal role in reprogramming post-fertilization and maintaining early embryonic development.
Keywords: Embryo, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, Oocyte, Zygote, Zygote arrest 1 gene
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Research Paper
Correlation of Canine Kidney Autopsy to Renal Diseases: Pathological Insights
Nguyen LVTH, Tran NT, Nguyen NTP, and Nguyen TT.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 72-78, 2025; pii:S232245682500009-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj9
ABSTRACT: Kidneys play a vital role in regulating fluids, electrolytes, hormones, and metabolic waste in canines. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of the correlations between canine kidney autopsy findings and renal diseases. A total of 194 domestic dog samples, including 153 males and 41 females with an average age of 3.88 years (ranging from 1 to 7 years), were physically examined using post-mortem evaluations to understand the prevalence and characteristics of kidney diseases, focusing on both external and internal examinations of the kidneys. Key parameters such as kidney size, texture, and coloration were measured to provide insights into the overall kidney health of the canine population in Vietnam. Results indicated that 22.68% of the dogs had kidney cysts, 29.38% showed signs of external hemorrhage, and 52.06% of the cases exhibited internal hemorrhage, proving to be a condition linked to increased renal vascular resistance and further potentially contributing to renal dysfunction. No evidence of necrosis was detected, and the majority of renal capsules (90.98%) were easy to peel off for further analysis. Kidney size and weight varied obviously in dogs presenting with specific hemorrhagic conditions. This study emphasized the importance of external and internal kidney evaluations in diagnostic measurements and treatment protocols for canine renal diseases while also providing further insights into the current status of the canine population in Vietnam.
Keywords: Dog, Hemorrhage, Kidney, Post-mortem, Renal disease
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Research Paper
Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance Escherichia coli in Broiler Chicken Meat in Jember, Indonesia
Suswati E, Pratama DR, and Hermansyah B.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 79-85, 2025; pii:S232245682500010-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj10
ABSTRACT: Antibiotic resistance has become one of the global health problems nowadays. Chicken meat is one of the largest food commodities in the world. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the bacteria that is often found in chicken meat. These bacteria are capable of being pathogenic in both animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolated from broiler chicken meat in the study location. The E. coli utilized in this study were derived from 25 grams of chicken meat obtained from 30 samples procured from six markets within the Jember district. The resistance test method used was Kirby-Bauer with Mueller-Hinton media. The results of the study showed that 100% of chicken meat was contaminated with E. coli. All isolated E. coli from samples in the study were multidrug-resistant. E. coli was 100% resistant to cotrimoxazole and cefixime, 96.67% resistant to chloramphenicol and amoxicillin-clavulanic, 93.3% resistant to tetracycline, 90% resistant to ceftriaxone, and 80% resistant to azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. The minimum resistance profile to 5 types of antibiotics with a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was between 0.625-1. Thus, the study revealed a high risk of infection associated with the consumption of uncontrolled chicken meat.
Keywords: Antibacterial agent, Chicken, Escherichia coli, Multi-drug resistance
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Research Paper
In Vivo Evaluation of a Polyethylene Glycol-Based Cryoprotectant during Cold Stress in a Rat Model
Zazharskyi V, Zaslavskyi O, Sosnickyi O, Bilan M, Zazharska N, and Biben I.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 86-95, 2025; pii:S232245682500011-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj11
ABSTRACT: Cold stress is an environmental factor that impacts the viability of animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a cryoprotectant based on polyethylene glycol in reducing cold stress in laboratory rats. For the experiment, 30 outbred Wistar rats (5 weeks) with an average body weight of 55.1 ± 5.3 g were used. Three groups of animals were formed (10 rats per group). The first group served as a positive control, kept at a room temperature of +18 – +20 °С and received 0.1 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. The second group, the negative control, was kept in critically low temperatures (+2–+4°С) and administered 0.1 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution per experimental animal. Rats of the third group were subjected to cold stress and received 0.1 ml of the experimental preparation. Cold stress in laboratory rats was created using a cooling thermostat. Observation for 14 days included monitoring the dynamics of changes in the live weight of animals (before the start of the experiment, and on days 7 and 14 of the observation) as well as biochemical and haematological blood indicators. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum to determine the qualitative and quantitative state of the intestinal microbiota. The survival level of animals that received the experimental drug within fourteen days was 80.0%, compared to only 40% in the untreated group. When using the experimental drug in laboratory animals, an increase in body weight was noted. The number of full-fledged Escherichia coli in rats that received the drug was 3.4 times higher than the indicator of the group of animals that was kept at a critically low temperature without the drug. The prolonged low temperature in control rats had a negative effect on the animal's body as evidenced by increased leukocyte counts and ALT levels, as well as decreased ALT/AST ratio, and total bilirubin. The use of an experimental polyethylene glycol-based preparation had a positive effect on the weight of rats, blood parameters, and intestinal microbiota of rats under cold stress.
Keywords: Biochemistry, Blood morphology, Cold stress, Cryoprotectant, Intestinal microbiota, Rat
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Research Paper
The Effect of Kepok Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Extract on Macroscopic and Histopathological Features of Excision Wound Healing in Mice Skin
Rukyat H, Paramanandi DA, Widyarini S, and Kristianingrum YP.
World Vet. J. 15(1): 96-108, 2025; pii:S232245682500012-15
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2025.wvj12
ABSTRACT: Kepok banana peel extract is known to have a bioactive content that can accelerate wound healing. The present study sought to evaluate the effects of Kepok banana peel extract on the macroscopic and histopathological features of excision wound healing in mouse skin. A total of 24 BALB/c mice were divided into four treatment groups, with each group consisting of six mice. The mice were further divided into three subgroups based on observation days, including days 3, 6, and 9. Each mouse received two excision wounds. The four treatment groups included K1 (control), K2 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 5%), K3 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 10%), and K4 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 15%). The Kepok banana peel extract was obtained using the maceration method, and the ointment Kepok was prepared as a cream with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, using bio cream as the base. Wound healing activity was evaluated across three phases, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. The parameters observed in the current study included macroscopic and histopathological characteristics of the wound. Macroscopic observations involved wound size, while histopathological analysis included quantification of inflammatory cells, fibrocytes, collagen density, and interleukin-6 expression. Therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment was administered for 9 days in the treatment groups. Macroscopic features of the wounds were observed daily, and skin samples from each group were collected on days 3, 6, and 9. The results demonstrated that the 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations of Kepok banana peel extract formed wound healing areas on mouse skin on days 3, 6, and 9, and were able to reduce the number of inflammatory cells on days 3, 6 and 9 able to reduce IL-6 expression on days 3, 6 and 9, unable to increase fibrocytes on day 3, 6, and 9 and able to increased collagen density on days 6 and 9. The 15% concentration of Kepok banana peel extract applied for 9 days showed the greatest potential to accelerate wound-healing.
Keywords: Histopathological feature, Kepok banana peel, Macroscopic feature, Ointment, Skin, Wound healing
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